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2/1/1949 - Communist Siege of Peiping by A. Doak Barnett

INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS ADB Hsi Cn February Waler S Rogers Insi Curren World Affairs Firh Avenue New York N Y Dear Rogers On morning December Nsxking aboard G bound Peiping hirZeen persons aboard plane whether would desTinaTion Four previousl Communis Army opened Peiping The airfield known comaission souZn field reporZed under Gommnis arillery Red roops closing everywhere around We crossed fingers hoped would possible unaely We landed desered concreZe The Naionaliss already evacuae Souh Field leaving littered equipment abandon personal possessions relics Chineseairforce bheCommuniss hadnoyemovedin oeover sambles The exploding mortar shells nearby sepped plane climbed vehicles hrouh rereaing 1roops defense barricades surrounded Peiping In month since I landed SouZh Field changes place Peiping Yesterday r0ops Chinese Red Army marched Peiping changed Ra ionalis Communis Sands This repor hings which happened Peiping populaZion during eventful period I repor siege surrender political urnover Save affected China impor ciZies during critical period Chinese Civil War The siege Peiping began December lased Aes inense fighting perimeter particularly where Connunss concentrated iniiaack heConiss andNaonalistsusedmorrsd artillery sound ofhvynfiredehe habins Peiping realize civil finally closing Forau yearbore theComs ackbePeipingd ionalis isled ainedfrly inuousconnec ionswi nerISlssuchas Tien sindKalg normal ydcon inued erpZion railwaylifinesou hecityworserapidlydcople blocked byRed Surbansl nsignof ywalls occupie Communiss audible sounds fighting WrealI peopleinPeipingoreirsime In military however warfare around Peiping never completely By second Communis Na1ionalis defendars rereaing outlying psi1ions hrrie inner sanctum behind walls The around Yenching Tsingha universities miles Peip vacuum December peacefully occupied Comunis soldiers DecemBer The Field nearby Vken Sihcingshan power miles sounwes Peiping supplies power light ptured Commniss Souh Field miles desered Commanis hands Verywhere Naionalis roops faded after flurryof fightingamd movedorderlybrapidlyhrougnhemassive leading China beautiful While CmaAnissclosedinbehindhemoutsideecitywalls TheNaionaliss lierallycrawlintoheirshell Withinaweekefiginghadurned siing occasional snell explosions machine disurbed srange silence Te called lines sabilize outside Peiping walls Within defense cordon adjacen walls Naionaliss dugin Seyondaefronlineswasafluidno landwhichvaried ndred yards several miles widZh eyond Comanis liberaed erriory eiher Naionalis Commniss aempZed large scale aacks lines drawn The baZle 9eiping hereafer consisted local sorties sides A killed larger number injured housands stood Zneir watches cursing bitterly which Ine bamle siege imporan fighting carried political weapons TNaionalis commandera Peiping General Fu Tso Nora China Suppression Headquarters charged defense China agains CommunisZs General Fu military omnders aionaliss Saring protege Sansi warlord Yen Hsi acquired class reputation local regime Suiyuan Province military resistance agains Japanese andfor victoryover theComunissaK alganaftereSino Japanese War Pol ically Fu considered progressive comparison local military leaders policies inSuiyuanweresimilarooseofeChineseReds arily enjoyed ousanding reputation acics oblliy adforis longrecordof succes sroops wereonce amongne Caina Communis officers reported could Fu raner By December however General Fu already Nora China military position hopeless His minimum requirements success agains Communiss adequate military supplies effective employmen loyal rained Suiyuan roops For several months prior December however adequate supplies forthcoming Central Gowernmen already abandonned Chi beginning December Fu received fatal The Comniss decisive balea Nankow Pass Fu crack roops Inner ongolia iliily everyaing happene F afterha defeawassimplyacoup grace Iwastenamebegan withdraw militarily hopeless cally advanJgeous position around Peiping From early December General Fu ically Command situation erriory nominally under Te roops isola poCke around Kalgan Kweisui Inner iongolian provinces Chahar Suiuam could assistance The roops under command Tien largely Cen Governmen soldiers Sou commanded generals whose loyal Fu These forces Tien hermore Fu Peiping Tion railway severed around Peiping ereaf Fu collection 1alling regular roops around Peiping The morale ofeforces directlyunder General Eu in2ePiping dangerously The units included elements seven aionalis armies ogeher equivalen cavalry divisions regimen There rivalries between commanders units shattered remnants 9ufis recenl mauled By Communiss imporan small percentage roops esimaled percen The southern divided allegiance Their officers particular loyaly General Fu never certain orders would Be obeyed Some orders obeyed In O00aionalis roops crowded Peiping disorganized inelecive soldiery strong force Wih material Fu Tso couldn defea Comunisso Te Comaniss grown sronger raher weaker reCen monSo oonly Nieh forces Ine inacl Lin Piao Rorheas Liberation Army already pouring China plain their victories Shanhaikus corridor anchria Taey brouga American equipaen capred ukden Cinchowo Taey spread flood C In military hnology cnaracerize rockes andaom bombsi bediicul realizehedensevaluef mudandbrickcitywall evenwhen likeheeipingwall iis40 broader Fifth Avenue In China however formidable defense agains infantry reiring behind Peiping Fu roeps emporary sancuaryo In adopting snail acics moreover General Fu proecing He whole Piping hostage As Chinese bserver expressed General Fu Tso holds beautifully delicate priceless ingers If anyone Be desmroyedo I generally believed Communiss respected popular senimenl aached Peiping practical reason waning capture Political observers predicted Comuni would esablis national capital Peiping Wih knowledge confidenceano would desecrate people Peiping alongsiegeafterefirsnoisesofbalehaddiedaway They shrugged shoulders normal business buying selling eaing procrealing dying Peiping conquerors centuries doesn dealaenion philosophical citizen People carry usual faring siege people Peiping carry usual A sowed emotions nervousness shelled Peiping before annyance forewYear ordisgus Qwhy eardownhearchwayofEernalPeace Avenue never finish building airfield anywayS never hysteria during moments prevailing aiude resignation ondiions siege martial emporarily destroyed usual charming placidity saddled ordinary people heavy economi burde Food soldiers wereewo major problems which complicated disorganized eiping There sorage ofeformer The economic blockade Peiping never hndred percen complete aougecity completely surrounded There consan rickle persons goods slipped inandul Personsvisitinggnefrn linesrcrossing landforefisimewere neviablyamaz seefarmers wander casually ghrugn fields cunry Naionalissoldiers garnering cabbageso intoecity Tese iariztes siege pitney epera amospnere actual however supplies which slipped rough lines infiniessimal needs million inhabitantsofecity andneblockadewas effectiveinforcing Peipingo relyupon reserves Te military authorities socks basic grains mille sorgm siege civilian supplies including socks homes shops public warehouses definitely limited Poor people suffered Fo experts estimated perhaps seventy percen population months supply flour grain homes ofaep99reshirypercent however had9nlyw9I personal reserve They squeeze As commercial public s1cks decreased prices jumped alarming regularity every eprice inflation vegetables basic grains worse affected everyone For waileaand almos disappeared marke The civil authorities concerne diminishing supplies after repeaed requests arrange flights ranspor Tsingao aemped airlif completely unsuccessful flour droppe desroye firma ironically sruck killed casual bysmder If siege continued several months Peiping would sarve people would sarved ForAnaely ended resumed sarvaion reached economic blockade caused considerable suffering rdship beforei Certain groups particularly Thousands ofrefugees manyfhemhomeless receivednlyhebares subsistence while increasing number civil servants faile I gepaid becauseof asorage fpaper money inehands guvexm organizaionso Tae burden supporting soldiers added effects blockade hings worse Peiping normally hillers large nmmer roops soldiers moving absorbed military establishments The billeting process organized systematic I human smosis A roops unessential public ildings sctlsmdoccupiedeveryjr palacend trici includingeForbidden City Templef Heaven Te jmmed places lacked essen maerials manyo Peiping beautiful buildings began process ariion The because public places accomodaed small percentage roops eresmoved already crowded privatehomes Soldiers roamed srees knocking doors How rooms people moving appeal higher authority iliary commanders efforts roops hemselves civilian military morale suffered resul The aionalis roops never generally speaking behaved considering given discipline morale small unpleasan incidents occurd beween civilians ldierso Hungry soldiers children professor Tha relatively unimporan seemed symbolize unpleasantness military occupaion Ery minor roops analysis supplied vilian population because regular sources supply requisitioning supplies place In addition civilian manpower mobiliz The military intensified system labor which housands normal labor under milary direction defense works Civilians received monetary remuneration either labor heavies poores could bluff The normal administrative system system convered quasi military organization requisition supplies mobilize labor The districts given itles ililm Civilian Co9pera1ion Saions requests raher orders milary authorities I chiefs passed chiafs unpleasan being intermediaries between civilian population One disric sixty households follows during Single weeks period siege In households soldiers moved Three called managed their hiring subsiaes prevailing price provide number bodied civilian labor gangs The lowes daily during period highes wenyo During weeks following aings requisitioned every house fodder lumber sacks sandbags money The money levies varied roughly ability orders arbitrary household lacking specific hings requested In addition certain hings carpentry furniture borrowed soldiers sanciy households possessed In shorl either pocketbook happened duplicated approximalely seven housand Te hological srain ordinary people almos aseeconomic evenoughmospeoplemaintainedacalmexterior arial compleeo A curfew ipsed saring finally eight srees black after curfew special passes avoided after could Those business after which posponed until morning walked hrough black srees slowly listened carefully clicking rifle bellowed cries which always unexpectedly unseen nervous sentries A special Discipline Sup ervisor Corps established I comba speculation rumor mongering anyting which creae secial Srdr Truck mouned gendarmes policemen soldiers carrying submachine broad sords careened rough srees presen reminders miliry These teams power execulion The number people acually executed relatively small appearance rucks hatchet always rather errlfying Arrests numerous mxecuions people I careful Spreading offense punishable death consi tiered rumors until officially revealed Dring sages siege peace mongering criminal offense punished always small Con press radio media public opinion comple Few either military political significance repered until outdated become general rumor markes which could never tvely controlled abroad conrglled until January censorship imposed reign cables Peiping became place China complete overall censorship everyhing Under martial miliry conmrol civil governmen I functione carried ordinary responsiBili1ies millary authorities imp9ran decisions Civilian leaders inconspicuous hough Peiping overcrowded normal municipal officials refugee officials North China provinces municipalilies In addition heavy economi psychological srain endured people innumerable minor inconveniences which extremely irriaingo The electric supply completely partially people relearn groping rough darkness reading kerosene lamps Te supply dependen electric pumps failed periodically People gaveup while seven ousand privatewellsinecityoobtaindrinkingwater Sewagepiledup until working arrangemen madea lines drivers pungen manure loads farmers countryside Aughin respects civilian popula which affected siege Piping hro9ps auiraly inactive figing limited local skirmishes Soldiers ogeher civilian labor gangs working feverish defense preparaions inside wihin defensm perimeter aroumd walls The military value preparations questionable bhere certain symbolic imporanc aached activity The preParations clear Fu Tso making arder delicate priceless increased bargaining power defenders aackers heory The practical effec defense preparations however increase hardships brden imposed ordinary peopl permanently beauty eiping At authorities concentrated attention bilding airfields within This amaming speed forced laborers convere former glacis andpolofieldsstoLegationuarerinto anairstripinhre December ranspor plane landed Winin fewdays second field compleed Temple Heaven never completed begun glacis north Legation Quarter The plane Peiping reestablishing connection outside world December aftereCommniss sared lobbing mortar shells fields January raffic continued until C9mmuniss marched Peiping The airfields never assumed mliary imporance wever hough planes Chinese Air Force which payed almos aention Fu orders evacuated Peiping confusion sared returning The fields impora economically because arriving planes brough almos supplies medicine being noable exception Tae rosin ields evacuation Very Imporan Personages andewo wayexchangeofpoliticalenvoysan dsomemail between eiping Central China Although people evacuated Peiping beforeesiege began sayed small scale evacuation VIP resumed after airfields opened After airfields completed effor consrc military installations divered channels Within foxholes blockhouses prepared agains improbable eventualityosreefiging Outsidehewallshe countryside sripped denmded brown North China plain rowner dusier A wierd honeycom ditches pillboxes sapes sizea which constructed crazyquil paern Eerywhere valuable chopped roadblocks fence In disressing needless levelling ousands people homes around citywalls ostensiblyoprovideagoodfield9fireforhe defending roops ousands omeless process Sme received nominal ensaion enter Cynics Peiping watching military vandalism defense characterized whole process which roops doubt demolish everything The effec happened Peiping during definite social disintegration No effor auriies I explain soldiers civilians Being doneand Onpof allhepas accumulated dissatisfaction ineffective Nalionalis regime deterioration caused siege resulted complete undermining whaeer pular suppor Nalonalis regime previous enjoyed A resis among either soldiers civilians exceptions people waned peacea Tey Cemnlss would finish siege Only small minority looked forward Communis enusiasm majority alhouga skeptical Comnmnis longer reservations accepting Communis ernaive superior existing condiiions EVeryone began alking peace anything oever heoreical sense conditions Peiping reached wherehe revolution aisfrsmesrf action springing universal dissatisfaction among soldiers civilians directed agains authorities I significan revolution occur bhere I pressur influence goernmen Aew individuals small groups exerred pressure aurilies actually decisions which finally urned Cmmniss handful Ordinary people nhingofwawasgingn andaereeenindicationshai leaders mcided differen course example suicidal defense resulting widespread destruction masses people would anything accep Political apathy inertia srnger universal dissaisfaciom The Chinese Commnis revolution finadly engulfed Peiping asbornfull grownanddidno allywihin iself revelation arrivedineform powerful peasa camped around walls which after being handed aionalis marched liical workers following close behind This happen owever until individuals completed devious maneuvers negotiations which finally resulted saving peace selemen Despie participation decisions which seledhefutureofPeiping peoplewspkeou favor peace These iniia1ive variey motives refleced prevailing public could claim represen public Oneofefirs spokesmen peace named Liang Ch mingo Liang scholar politician career Chinese Republic leader Kuominang branch Democra1ic Socialis Paryo In develop peace movemen advocated making Peiping founded Peiping Sociey Proecion Public onumens Liangwas erie9fefewwo couldOpenlyspeakinfavor peace during early siege efore General FU decided future course because reputation scholar guaranteed proecio A number persons worked quieVly wiufanfare rying iluence people places The imporan enching University professor philosophy named Chang TUng Ctang previously Peiping outlawed Democratic League As increasing number peace advocates intoeopera buhis indicationofhe swinginhe i1des Fa officials increasing repidi peace advocates hemselves embers Peiping Ci Council Camber Commerce represena1ives Peiping Legislative Yuan C ontrol Yuan aional Assembly Cairman seven North Cina Provincial unicipal Councilsalljoinedecrusandaddedheirvoiceso egeneral clamor peace which became increasingly Peiping country after Chiang K New Years messages Suden faculy groups comprising Governmen sections population became active aseend approached So actual Communis underground From January mimeograpaed propaganda shees appeared folded newspapers received prominen citizens faough mails popped unexpectedly windows Actually however enCommunis underground played preparingheway Communistkeover althoughi preparations assis process began final decision whether P iping should peace eupesically surrender resed Fu Tso For after pulled militarily Fu Winer Palace headquarters rying decide should A close Fu changed He couldn fight couldn In sepchild reamen given Cenral Governmen soldier loyaly Chiang He loyal subordinates aached srongly Ranking himself Furermo going peace On formula found could hoping anking would could reach local selemen qualms conscience He heomeantime peace feelers From feelers Comuniss secre iaions continued until final semlemen announced Fu never single public saemen plans inentions however public preparations continued untilepeace agreemen finally eealed One factors gradually forced Fu course which ul1imaely chose Peiping siege remaining a1ionalis outposts command North China To Communiss The Kalgan capital Caa2i Province The Communiss captured Kalgan December after declma inghelas importantunits Fu roops The Naionalis announc Kalgan significantly pointed industry Sinceheseproperties belongohecountryandepeople salmen governmen roops appointed definite persons proec clear handover This slemen sounded someone trying Cmmuniss perhaps prepare dealing On January iensin larges industrial commercial melup NOrth China caplmred Cmmuniss Ewen before he15hF ssecrepeacenegotiatorshadenaivelyagreedo selemen Communiss local commanders iensin weren peacefull inclined Communiss fough definie agreemen effect The caplre finished priority Com objec North China excep Peiping Red Army concenra aenion The Communiss really puing pressure Fu military weapons early December On F branded criminal alongwihms leading Na tonaliss CommunisZs ofZered pardon agreed Simullmmeously Pia Commander Peiping Tientsin Fron People LiOera1on Army Lo poliEical commissar broadcas program outlining promises I people under These points which formed hebasisofmuc nsusequenCouniszpropagandain sarea follows eople lives propery proeced Keep order listen rumors boong killing sricly foraidden Q Cninese individual coercial ndusrial properZy Oe 9rivage factories godowns De IDucned erang ureaucraic capital including faclries godowns railways offices Zelepaone elegrapn inslm laions power planlm oeenower Dy Liberation Ary aloun private snares respected TDse workingXne3eorzaonssuld workpeacefullydwfor Rewdswillev sewpecproperyd docums dseskeorwdes roywillbepunisheTse wising continueserngwillbeploy Scols hospisd publicinsiionswill peced Sds eacersdi workerssuldcontinue sdydworkasusu cepfortafew major criminalsdnotorious reacionies IKuongofficials policedp workers ofhepnci nicipdi vernms offer armed resisce suldpecnrrecords yonewihabi workwillbe employed liberated splaced soldiers reporiay garrison headquarters police armyauriies yonesurrderingsweapons willno quesioned Tsewdewillbepunished The livdpropery ofIforerswillbeproeced Theysobeyhelawsofne Liberaonmydocraicvernm espionage rilleg actions lowed rinals shered Tey subjec civili vlolaions Pple geral suldpecall public properydkeep order These points formed basis policy Lin Piao ooflow duringheverperiod OnJanuary5heorhShensi radiofiredanoZnersaleiping Comuniss political arsenal Lin Piao Lo Jung issued learner Kuominang offic Peiping Tientsin In Tfec ulimalmm surrender Wih Peipin Tientsin angku completely surrounded rerea compleZely Alnough escape majority escapeC hiang K powerless afZer himself U S canno either There If inend hrouga lessons fKalgan Hsucnow Taere course follw example Cheng Tang Changcnun surrender If POW murder people weapons materials godowns local industrial communications installations generously General Cheng Tung The lives families completely proeced As Fu Tso although lised criminal another chance repent If leads surrender masse promise proecZion propery If agree negotiators General officers Be welco Our offensive launched decision immediately oaerwis While Communiss propamda weapons laying Peiping Communists suburbs msking military preparations Political workers including ranking persons began moving after roops The people burbs reaed deferenially gloves Yenching Tsingua universi encouraged continue mormal activities eenouku mines Shihchingshan indus insallaions resumed operaions under management Every effor minimize resistance Commnis obtain local support Taese efors payed dividends because reports favorable Cmuniss carried acrgss lines Peiping In addition however Communiss began consruc scaling ladders eused scaling Peiping walls became ncessarye Te Commaniss political ueness played power politics electricity Peiping lierally since capture power December cuing iensin lines aereafer Te Communis radio public offer Io supply Peiping electricity across lines saing inconvenience people The Naionalis authorities finally accep offer allowed certain amoun electric curren essential needs never official revelation where electricity coming People Peping however Was coming Commmnls On anuary Comaniss established ili1ry Control Commission keover Peiping commission sheep village Lianghsiang souhes Peiping began maing preparations I organizations garnered ogener personnel sared suburbs municipaliyo An educational cadre established headquarters village Ch inglungch began discussing future plans Tsinga enching licies sudens faculy Indocrination courses enerainmen programs arranged workers Sihchingshan elsewhere Investigations Commaniss Peiping conditions sared considerable preparations The chairman liary Conrul Cemmissi YehCying ghrangsliryd policvenery inKwgngdeducated aYuliary Xejoin SunYas aughinheKuoming WpoaliryAcademydfoughnherhepeon He bkewineKuomingin1927dreed Cnaersdy FrcedGerry becomeCef ffheCneseRArmy inKigsi aparticiponhengarchdfinally in1945 member neComusCrCmtee sperice henears during 1936SiincidendasC neppingecuiveMeadquarers duringars rresentaiven Cesp establishedmas miaion 1946d Yeh C addition iliary Conrl Commission slaed Mayor Peiping Peoples G vernmen The choice Mayor Hsu Ping German rained Com leaderworiginally wealies families Peiping family named Hsing The complicated developments aPeiping complicated backdrop national scene Conclusion separate peace Peiping delayed because Fu hoping Nanking would decision which would solve problems leave solve problems clear conscience The whole country excied agitated flood peace rumors Innumerable conferences discussions meetings place between imporn political leaders Through confused confusing rumors however gradually became clearahe peace movement accomplishing peace might rocky perhaps The Commniss winning millay I importan concessions while Central Government crumbling everyone refused collapse completely Ooncree oward na1ional peace progressed farher number PUblic peace saemens sides Naionalis Premie Sun9 alked honorable peace while Cniang New Yea speeches expressed readiness negotiat Communisms sincerely desirous peace uwarned sincerely desirous peace Government ernaive finish uhiang added Shanghai Nanking political nerve cener country defended costs menion North China Peiping eConiss suspicious somewa ambigaous Naionalis peace eelers suspecting Ranking waned breahing period Oanuary Tse basis which would willing negoiale Severe punismen criminals Repeal bogus constitution Abolition bogus governmen sruclure reorganization reaclionary armies accordance democratic principles Confiscalion bureaucratic capital Implementation agrarian reforms Abrogation reaies national betrayal Convocation Political Consul Conference Democratic partici pation reactionary elements order authority reactionary Coalition Governmen Kuominang Governmenl anking affiliated organizations provinces These anking would accep overall national peace began remoe again On January Communiss began lobbing random arillery slells Peiping I ceuld nasty waned Although almos every shell killed people overall damage great shells desired psyclogical Peiping Bombardmen Tien sared ediae ereaf All military political factors influenced General forced gradually conclusion would probably making separate peace Communiss I umcerainwFuac1ally madeup uaesenou hisfirs secre negotiators January I possible Fu finally un1il Chiang decided leave Sang January buenego1la ionsiniiaedon e6hpavedaeway forefinal peace agreemen bemansenoubyao seeneComunissonJanuary6was Cang Tung Yenc professor Democraic Leaguer He Cbihsien sixty miles north Peiping accompanied Chou Pei Cu former advisor Fu Suiyuam captured Comniss released In Peiping U reform bureau BohCgandCu hadriends onneComunis Th General Lin Piao discussing peace finally enaive agreemeno failed crysallime anything definite however reason being F pmefful subordinate generals Peiping including Cheng Ting Sih Cnea Teng Wen opposed indpende peace moves On January second negotiator General Teng Pao saano Teng Kuominang commander Yulin North Shemsi during Sino Japanese War concluded Commniss Comunis riendso Cou Pei again along These alked Lin Piao Lo Mieh Jung Tungchow Peiping Peace again discussed enaive selemen agreed There diferen accoun agreemen reached According story following Communis caplre Tiensio According account owever proviso PeipingandTientsinwould beincludedifelaerwasrob capur byheCommunisswithinwele ourso ThefallofTientsinone15h limited problem Peiping Teng Coureturned1Peipingwi aaCommunis named T wowasLiniao C Sf final deailso gener8 public Peiping nohing progress iaions exisZence shrouded complete secrecy Communis shells continued Ze rumors sound absurd public peace undivided focused acziviies newly formed organization called hethC 9eople P Promotion Commit under He Seyuano groupofprominenCitizens claimedorepresanhe ergania1ions Peiping regard views peace obtainedclearancefzo GeneralFuomakearipacrosshlinesasa mission delayed freak sells landedn killing daughter wounding family finally sared In suburbs heyalkedwiaComnispoli icalofficernamedu Wen haand returned following hopeful peace prospects anyaing defini public The window dressing Pace Promotion Commi mission provided prepared public ially imminen peace suddemly somewha unexpec On January C hiang unced emporary retirement Nanking Governmeno This released Fu Tso himsel Cen Governmen subordina gnerals loyaly C hiang government Things hapDened rapidly after Everyone agreed separae peace Ceasefirewen January Fu Tso headquarters announced public began siege formally ended The breahed emeno The aireau peace agreem concluded General Fu Commnnis Basically nohing surrender classic Chines compromise saved everyone involed The preamble agreemen sides agreed necessi peace because public desire peace asserted agreemen aimed bring early realization nationwide borough peace The agreemen provided esablishmen ransi ional period Join Administrative Offic represen handle aryandpoli probleros All aaionalis troops within Peiping belonging groups roops moved original designa saving proposi insisted reorganized after arriva designated incorporated Red Army Construction military forificaWions sopped immediaely A roops wereo remain ineci maintain order Accordingoeagreemen public rganizaions andgovernmen bodies main1in carry pending overall selemen byeJoin Administrative Office personnel organizaions guaranteed safey agreemen Gold Yuan currency would circulate until further noice newspapers could carry usual until reregisraion examination elegraphic connections outside places would maintained specifically promi proecion foreigners lives prOpery urhermore guaranteed freedom religion proecion culural monuments relics Finallyiexoredallhepeopleo carryonlifeasusual larnover painlessly surrender likeeesablishmen coalition ransiional period Naionaliss remaining Peiping minimum Communiss obtained peaceful entry promise everyone would cooperae lrning power I Peiping becamenefirs major cityineChinese6ivil Waro under Commnis control peaceful agreemen betweenComst Halionalis leaders raher capture ourigh military surrender Tae loCal agreemen Peiping established paern critical junclre Cines CiVil War which copied elsewhere local Naionalis commanders militarily hopeless pOsi1ion Peiping became logical places Cina overall national peace negotiated Before Commaniss moved unofiicial representatives apparenly wihneinenionof beingin PeipingwhenICommunisslokover These unofficial representatives Li Acting Presiden aional Governman Pal Cung Naionalis commandern CentralCina close associateofLi I begano Peiping national peace negotiations Communis sponsored Political Consula1ie Conference eslablismen Com governmen whole country peace agreemen Pei effec January Commnis roops until January yesterday Drlng interim period Peipin VaCIUme 0zaroughou period airplanes continued arriving Nalionalis erriory departing Naionalis errilDry minue evacuees Fu Tso insisted waned oleavesould beallowedo ThelassragglesofeKuominlmng secre service Fa recalciran subordinate generals arded C Peiping although heoreically Comunis Pictureso Ciang K disappeared walls substitute faces replaced Aea Occasionally arillery shell inside City supposed fighing A oeshells camefromegunsoobs inaeBaionalisunits particularlyosebelongin1e13hArmy wodidu surrender ordered 0hers fired isolated Co unners weren rices zoomed Tere reports Aa housand gendarmes haddisbandedwihouLvinupheirweapons Thisworriedepublic fared incidents C0niss marched eople Naionalis would worth Coniss issued Gneral nervousness eiping prices gradually rising equate ciLes underonis control increased inflationary pressures boughhe8aesoelpinwereopened andradeegano resume The public going people wosebsinessiwastoryoknow Thewolecorpsofforeignand Cinese newspaper corres pondens could locae single represenalve eilher iliary political Conis rulers The several elusive invisible Naionalis roops armed wandered freely hrough srees Theirnumbershinnedouhsheevacuationproce process gradual Everyone Peiping howeer including overnen employees ordinary ciwilians soldiers sayed conimAed noreml usiness ysifiedbpatiently something happen A hings happen gradually Coist propaganda larger quaniies appeared walls hroughou Comnis slogans blotched Political prisoners rapidly released jails Chiaug residence places prepared Nalionaliss expected Conis leaders Sladen groups worked propaganda parades learn songs dances generally prepare Couniss entrance Conuaanisunderground began slowlyI eergefroahe shadows soeois represen aivesadeunofficial visitso heads ofany organialions insulations These represen aives often popped unexpec places In hospi example humble dresser began hawing serious director A higher level General officials endless conferences carry peace agreeen sooly possible Thmaindlainheturnoverwascaused byeslownessof evacuatingaionalis roops Soeo eroops caused r9uble ookie evacuae sewich lefwiou arguing Finally however mvanguardofCommnnisroops ogeherwiha ewropagandaaacks beganener inghewsgaesofhecity Thmarhed solemnly billets previously arranged looked rrled Their arrival caused particular among general population There crowds heflrslroops andheordinarycivilianswatchin gnemfrome curbs along seeed express emotion inense curiosiy Th waseevenofhescaeredNaionalisroops curbs silen excitement roops marched srlkln The Commmss arrlved And prices haweoneup saidhiscompanion The ordwaspassedaroundaa parade would A edi6a driver unimpressed Anyone parade remarked Een Japanese A philosophical observed Chinese people blades Tey blowing The people Peiping leaned oward Commanlss reception given enerlng roops indaed _nlss would working envlronmen characterized skeptical pragmatism People would happened before emotional indeed Commnis political workers decorated rucks lively dances propaganda oured srees araoed neresed wherever children would follow propaganda Pied Piper OnbelsofFebruary afterecease Comsauisl madehrfirsv wardacidlyngovhe eybeghorzaonsesesiness iailucingbli oplon eKuongCrNewsAgcydNorthCnalyNews wenvedineewCna NewscydhePple recvydheradiosion wassoenover Oher orzaons session Jon Administrative Office placeonhefirs inheSuPaceoutsidePeiping sOffice funcongdLinPi SPplng sinFronCodd resibiliyofnghe cityover rapidly aspossible nisliary ConSul Cossion Pping heCoss PpingPple svernmdGaison Cod heCof Anisraive 0ffie GonlCossiondhePplesvernmen wasehCen gerhere weresembers JoinAdsraive Office fourmnisdeeKuonng Tesixoher Yehwere placineecomees eachofwchdonCousandone Kuogmber On1nelirycomeewe ChuandKuo Tsung heformer arangcous genersl helaerone sicCo anderswiscloselyassociatedwihY enHsi On political culural comee Hsu Ping Ciao Shih Secretary General frmer university professor Piping ormal College The conomic financial committee composed Jung Tse finance Commniss North China People vernmen Cou Pei Feng Yu TSo slippe emporary oblivion alerna repor beinSuiuanorhewesZernsuburbsofPeiping The Coniss political urnovere Peiping completed formalsense Theliicer sjusZben A bigcryparade scheduledfor ermorwwillproy angoaloofcges Sofar quesonrks concngw ussarelikdwhey willdorin Pping inclung wainorswrs wwilley oeraciArehey quififorheasfacingh wwillhepolaionreac ocgesasheyarede sorofjorlicies econocdpolic willeyadopt sorofnaional goverenwillheyry seupdwwill included W soroineaionalorion willeyve dlcallyw sedausandoher questions foreiers bered inevnndaeof heswersyergeinheweahead Sincerely yours A Doak Barne eceied New York