© 2007 Institute of Current World Affairs
The Institute awards long-term fellowships to develop a deep understanding of an issue, country, or region outside the US and to share that understanding with a wider public.
Institute of Current World Affairs - Home Page

Below is a hobbled text version of a PDF document.
In order to read the actual document please click the link below and register if necessary.
(One-time registration is free and very quick.)
Read article

3/15/2005 - The Gathering Storm by Andrew J. Tabler

ICWA LETTERS Since Institute Current World Affairs Crane Rogers Foundation provided fellowships enable outstanding young professionals outside United States write about international areas issues An exempt operating foundation endowed Charles R Crane Institute supported contributions minded individuals foundations TRUSTEES Bryn Barnard Joseph Battat Mary Lynne Bird Steven Butler Sharon F Doorasamy William F Foote Peter Geithner Gary Hartshorn Kitty Hempstone Katherine Roth Kono Cheng Li Peter Bird Martin Chandler Rosenberger Edmund Sutton HONORARY TRUSTEES David Elliot David Hapgood Pat M Holt Edwin S Munger Richard H Nolte Albert Ravenholt Phillips Talbot Institute Current World Affairs The Crane Rogers Foundation Four West Wheelock Street Hanover New Hampshire 03755 U S A AJT MIDDLE EAST Andrew Tabler Institute Fellow based Damascus Beirut Lebanese recontruction Syrian reform The Gathering Storm By Andrew Tabler MARCH BEIRUT Lebanon Following shocking assassination former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri explosion unknown origin February political opposition began skillfully mobilizing domestic international demand resignation Syrian government Premier Omar Karami Three official mourning ended rally protesters Ain Al Mreisse Martyrs Square seafront adjacent blast Chants Hey yalla Souriyya barra Hey hurry Syria Hurriya Siyada Istiklal Freedom Sovereignty Indepen dence resonated throughout crowd I immediately noticed teresting dynamics would throughout demonstrations weeks ahead First testers largely Christian Druze Muslim Watching series I Lebanese anything close conservative Islamic attire Dur protests February which resignation Karami government later I woman Islamic headscarf style Lebanon Shia population Muslim protestors I rally Sunni seemed represent secular Muslims West Beirut centered Hamra Rescue workers carry victims Hariri headquarters district blast killed Rafik Hariri Koreitim Lebanese suburb Ain Mriesse The cordoned international Also interesting February investigators determine protesters arrival blame routes Since Interior Ministry refused permission rally Lebanese Army cordoned Martyrs Square largely destroyed during Civil War still largely desolate The Lebanese never people authority seriously circled around soldiers searching sneak through alleyways leading square For I scaled coffee house Paul adjacent Martyrs Square So several notori ously beautiful Lebanese women their overcome stacle stiletto heels tight clothes The American media described protests The Cedar Revolution reference Lebanon famous cedar trees About Author In rationale Andrew Tabler submitted fellowship application I would examine increased pressures external actors function Lebanese Syrian politics society I would begin invest igation looking these external factors affected Syria reform efforts The reason starting straight forward Washington Brussels currently pressuring Syria hopes changing political economic positions Much Washington grievan formally documented Syrian Accountability Lebanon Sovereignty Restoration Act Congressional initiative US President George W Bush signed December The European Union encouraged Syria reform preparation signed Syrian EU Association Agreement More profile EU funded programs Syria carried every preparing country Agreement political economic social cultural aspects Added EU positive pressures various other externally funded reform efforts including United Nations programs designed tackle Syria demographic problems Syria youngest population outside Palestinian Territories various Nongovernmental Organization programs mention Washington Greater Middle East Initiative caricature which centered Lebanese others referred Gucci Revolution After making square I could after protestors arriving Christian dominated East Beirut Their origins obscured first Army approaching protestors including those largely Muslim West Beirut around security cordons northeast Martyrs Square adjacent East Beirut A closer showed major waves arrived around afternoon eventually filled square pouring Christian areas Another point interest opposition ability manipulate therefore control demonstrations maximum effect During first demonstrations bombsite February political party flags Chris Druze factions competed white Lebanese banners By February Lebanese banners dominated could To energize crowd Hariri owned TV channel Al Mustaqbel Fu Maronite Christian Lebanese Broadcasting Company LBC focused their TV meras concentrated patches protest waving anywhere Lebanese flags apiece To casual viewer wondering whether government protest seemed clear protests worth attending The Shia Muslim station NBN state owned TV first covered protests during regularly scheduled newscasts By afternoon protestors began filling square stations switched coverage When Parliament began first session after assassination began cussion inquiry killing Future LBC featured split screens right showing Parliament session gathering protestors Future large screen TVs adjacent protestors podium allowing crowd react heated parliamentary debate Dedicated members opposition encamped makeshift tents center around Statue Mar recently restored symbo Lebanon indepen dence struggle France We Syria remains Lebanese diehard protestor We willing lives cause Popular reaction crisis The reaction Lebanese blast remark similar Syrians extreme sorrow frustration qualified proval Hariri record Hariri father Lebanon reconstruc creator political middle ground where Lebanon religious groups known confessions comfortable pursuing national agenda He maker bridge tween Syria Saudi Arabian money European especially French influence Hariri future after assassi nation He statesman We Other reactions mixed Look employee To build costs times should because people getting their Hariri least people thing Lebanon He deserve killed I observed similar reactions years When Hariri government imple mented gasoline taxes Value Added Tax VAT average Lebanese cursed prime minister They accused government being terribly corrupt openly wondered Finance Minister Fouad Siniora asking people sacrifices largely responsible seeing ballooning deficits years after All aside Hariri death crystallized thing minds large Lebanese society Syria somehow responsible other reason happened watch Syria needed Lebanon In Syria reaction mixed Hariri liked Syria He frequent trips consult Syrian officials business leaders years He idence wealthy Damascus neigh borhood Abu Rumanieh friend Syrian Vice President Abdel Halim Khaddam Everyday Syrians liked Hariri country The Damascus elite bought their style Beirut district Verdun short Hariri Beirut liked because brought world their doorstep They liked wares globalization style sophistication brought through Muslim owned enterprises A little known carryover Maronite dominated Lebanon majority country Wakilat exclusive national agencies purchasing ticket items computers automobiles remained Christian owned Their monopoly status ensured prices remained largely reach Lebanese In Hariri tried launch legislation abolish clusive agencies The initiative eventually dropped however largely growing political resistance those surrounding Lebanon Syria supported President Emile Lahoud Lahoud Syria lynchpin Syria Hariri nemesis Lahoud pointed President great fanfare clean break predecessor openly Syria Elias Hrawi The former transi figure 1970s civil Syriana solution civil relied heavily Syrian military intelligence forces Lebanon Lahoud named President reward implementing Lebanese Saudi Ara Syrian settlement Lebanon War ported United States approved United Nation Security Council The settlement ferred Lebanon Syria simply Ta since signed Lebanese National Assembly Ta Saudi Arabia More explanation order Since their creation following World War I Syria Lebanon symbiotic ationship socially economi cally politically Both achieved independence after World War II following rather unsuccessful French administration Free movement individuals across Lebanese Syrian frontier always necessary since familial transcend limits modern state As US Canada month visas issued based passports hawiyya identity Each important other livelihood Lebanon international Le before terms globalization existed It place beautiful mountains women beaches It often rightly playground Arab World At other serve place study could afford Those could afford overwhelmingly Christian particu larly Maronite Christian Maronites members Eastern Rites Catholic church They trace their founding St Maron gious groups Lebanon those could overwhelmingly Shia Muslim Lebanon different confessions erwise known religious sects Despite years state building remain arguably primary politi units What unarguable political system built accommodate confession according their share population based census census carried Called National Pact unwritten agreement forged allots certain sitions representatives specific confessions The census showed largest confession Maronite Christians therefore awarded position President Sunni Muslims theoretically second largest group country awarded position Prime Minister Shia Muslims supposedly largest confession awarded Speaker Parliament The Council Ministers respon sible President representatives Lebanon confessions including Druze Catholic Orthodox Protestant Christians basis This system worked reasonably albeit In Syria formally merged Egypt United Arab Republic Shortly thereafter elements Muslim population Lebanon rallied support their country joining UAR The Maronite president Camille Chamoun asked US assistance Lebanon falling under Washington lieved UAR increasingly Soviet influenced domination Arab World In Lebanon elsewhere region UAR Sunni Muslim nated political construct aimed maintaining Sunnis historic political hegemony Arab World nority communities President Dwight Eisenhower plied Chamoun request troops ashore Lebanon Western orbit The system maintained despite widespread changes Lebanon demographic makeup Maronite Catholic Orthodox Christians country small Jewish community smaller families rising education levels standards living The Shia lesser extent Sunni communities contin reproduce higher rates community overall economic development When members PLO arrived Lebanon early 1970s following their ouster Jor during called Black September their tensible mission continue resistance against Israel Attacks against Israel which followed War sulted Israeli military attacks Lebanon The Leba confessions divided handle situation The Maronite dominated government manded PLO respect Lebanese sovereignty launching attacks Israel Lebanese territory The Muslim commun largely supported attacks accusing Lebanese government ignoring country Arab identity therefore responsibility resist Israeli aggression In response PLO began acting state within state providing security Palestinian Mus areas Lebanon In incident school ignited warfare between Christian nated state PLO Lebanese Muslim porters Thus began Lebanese Civil War known West The Lebanon War known Arabic marathon subject I cannot address space reasons Various Lebanese groups through called their neighbors allies tervene stabilize situation In June Leba President Suleiman Franjieh asked Syrian President Hafez Assad troops civil Assad complied Syrian troops stationed Leba since Why would Maronite Presidency which sought US assistance repel Syrian influence UAR Syrian assistance Because power Syria began shift Syria Sunni majority minority Muslim group called Alawis prominent country armed forces This culminated military Lt General Hafez Assad Alawi defense minister So Franjieh request invitation minority controlled Syria assistance similarly minority controlled Lebanon Syrian intervention civil Syrian forces heavily involved clusion In return supporting Washington efforts Iraqi forces Syria archrival Saddam Hussein Kuwait Damascus given Lebanon War autumn basis Accord National Reconciliation known simply Ta The accord restructured political system Lebanon transferring power Maronite presidency Cabinet divided equally between Muslims Christians The ratio parliamentary seats Christians Muslims justed Last certainly least Cabinet which Sunni Muslim officially executive A major architect accord Lebanese contracting estate tycoon fortune Saudi Arabia His Rafik Hariri The presidency neutered however The heads Army S G General Security Governor Central Bank remained Maronite appointed President The President tained right preside cabinet meetings Ta caused major divisions within Lebanon Maronite Community Conscious their eroding graphics political power Maronites supported especially given backing Alawi Syria Others vehemently opposed including General Michel Aoun Maronite military commander pointed interim Prime Minister President outgo President Amin Gemayal security Beirut convening Parliament impossible Throughout Christian militia after another supported Ta Accord solution Lebanon War Aoun launched War National Libera against Syrian forces Lebanon But Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait George H W Bush ministration needed Syria securing Iraq border Aoun found himself internationally domestically isolated In Lebanese Army Forces under command General Emile Lahoud strong support Syrian Army forces siege Lebanon Presidential Palace Baabda Aoun control Aoun French Embassy eventually exile Europe After years politi obscurity recently resurfaced exile figure during George W Bush administration testified Capital Hill support Syrian Accountability Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act SALSA Implications Lebanese political system Hariri assassination sparked crisis massive proportions Syrian presence Lebanon mortar holding Lebanese political system gether since civil That tionalist sentiment growing months cially since Syria decided extend President Lahoud three years normal September At moment opposition claim widespread cross tarian resistance Syria presence Lebanon It power along sustained pressure United States European Union France United Nations Arab League caused Syrian President Bashar Assad announce withdrawal Syrian troops Bekaa Valley Syrian Lebanese border As I write external pressures working Still entiments important groups Lebanon fully heard The first Maronites Kisrwan Metn These areas extremely divided Syrian withdrawal They understand Syria departure constitutional worms already inside Since Lebanon census their majority eroded benefit Lebanese Shia We Shia largest group Lebanon Maronite friend large village Kisrwan Some Maronite parties Lebanese Forces Aounists maintain power based participation large Maronite communities Brazil North America This funny because these people nothing every We trade Syria Syrians often The second widely covered group Lebanese Shia In terms party affiliation Shia these charismatic Hezbolla leader Hassan Nasrallah Parliamentary Speaker Nabil Berri Berri boring nothing matters Ali Shia driver Nasrallah makes sense makes proud position He makes doing something improve situation He pushing Israel South Lebanon A single visit Israeli prisons which museums showing torture devices tells about intentions Israel Following Assad troop pullout speech March Nasrallah called rally opposing foreign interven Lebanese politics This reference US pressures Syria French sponsored United Nations Security Council Resolution The Resolution calls foreign forces Syria leave Lebanon militias disarmed Hezbollah remains armed militia Lebanon carryover years resistance against Israeli cupation Sout Lebanon Today Hezbollah concen trates attacks called Shebaa Farm territory currently under Israeli control Israel insists Syrian Lebanon claims Lebanese Strangely enough Shia Syrian Maronite communities around Tripoli reportedly finding ground The outgoing Interior Minister Sulieman Franjieh grandson former Lebanese President asked Syria intervene Lebanon warned about Lebanese Christian Lebanon Western leaders In coming period horse trading between Shia Maronite groups grips deeper implications greater mocratization Lebanon Some country democratic model should emulated Iraq elsewhere region Michael Young sharp opinion editor Beirut English language newspaper The Daily Star current system should maintaine Nobody wants there recently ferring changing constitution reflect Lebanon current demographics If constitution changed exodus Christians Lebanon simple Others skeptical maintaining Lebanese democracy Beirut station cashier first protests refused religion As system reserves power certain groups others longer these families dominate lives They political plantations allowed harvest The protests today being staged those strong contacts West speak foreign languages The matter religion trying lives Cycles Pressure Syrian reform Hariri assassination shockwaves throughout Lebanon Syria As international investigators bombsite attempt deter assassination placed Damascus under intense scrutiny calls US France UN Arab World withdraw Syrian security services Lebanon early April How these pressures affect Syria belea guered reform process While might early record years telling Many regimes Middle East economic reform times heightened external internal threat As pressure Syria mounted years become something anomaly however The pressure increased since US Iraq April Israel bombing leged terrorist Syria following October observers baffled relative bursts progress economic reform months following crisis While Syria weathered US sanctions reason early dications Hariri assassina Syria EU supporters pretty could serious implications Syria heavily EU assisted reform programs When United States invaded Iraq March noted Syria caught US Israel In years leading Syria uncompetitive merchandise result economic found sanction bucking markets Iraq In addition Syrian state received barrels Iraqi crude heavily discounted prices When US halted Iraqi trade Syria nomic reform quickly emerged national priority After years delays Syrian government April announced appointment April Credit Monetary Council CMC country dormant banking oversight whose operation prerequisite launching state premier measure private sector banks On April plications three private banks approved In months followed number seemingly significant reforms enacted including presiden decree separated ruling Ba Party institutions state policymaking abolishing harsh penalties foreign exchange trading Deposit rates reduced first years French administrative reform issued their conclusions clean Syrian bureaucracy Rumors circu lated Syria would receive first independent prime minister since Ba Party seizure power Progress slowed August however Syria received US Army reopened Iraqi border Syrian trade The following month Deputy Prime Minister Ba athist Naji Otri tapped government containing record number party members Almost immediately Washington increased rhetoric against Damascus including details Syria alleged Weapons Mass Destruction WMD capabili On October anniversary Octo War Israel bombed alleged Pal estinian terrorist outside Damascus response massive suicide Haifa which Islamic Jihad claimed credit Bush called Israel action justified dropped opposition Syrian Accountability Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act SALSA gressional outlined series economic litical sanctions designed pressure Damascus support Hizbollah Palestinian militant groups forces Lebanon The seemed tightening After weeks reforms again kicked Long anticipated Syria rates passed November along legislation against evasion In December state finalized marathon eight technical negotiations EU toward forming Association Agreement deposit rates public sector banks three percent Two private banks opened their doors public January Presidential decree following month abolished country dreaded economic security courts In early reforms slowed prospects deeper change seemed uncertain especially following Kurdish riots March April terrorist bombing UN building Damascus neighborhood Mezze Just where things stood Damascus threw US The Syrian Petroleum Company SPC announced March acceptance million venture involving US based Occidental Petroleum develop major fields Palmyra mated reserves trillion cubic meters The venture followed earlier success Syrian Conoco Phillips whose million recycling project largest US investment Syria scheduled completion The French government which competitive energy giant Total portedly furious announcement Washington On May Bush Administration announced would enact penalties outlined under SALSA including US exports Syria other medicine already existent Syrian flights US While worst could Washington expectedly rolled other penalties coming Under section US Patriot Act president instructed secretary treasury issue notice proposed rulemaking concerning measure require US financial institutions sever respondent accounts Commercial Bank Syria CBoS based money laundering concerns The International Emergency Economic Powers Act IEEPA which allowed Bush Administration seize US assets Syrian regime those associ At point Damascus turned Europe At demand UK France Netherlands Ger Syria accepted stiffer language proposed Associati Agreement concerning WMDs As Eu ropean capitals considered their positions EU sponsored reforms further integrated Syrian reform grams A measure Institutional Structural Modernisation Facility ISMF began putting European experts disposal Syrian ministries accelerate implement reform Enter Abdullah Dardari A former Al Hayat newspa bureau chief Dardari spent years United Nations Development Program UNDP Damascus New York In final Dardari appointed Minister State Planning Affairs charged heading defunct State Plan Commission SPC agency among other things charge determining Syria production Dardari charged formu lating Syria which start early In summer Dardari relations offensive designed light Syria reform plans In Arabic English language media intelligent earth nature dressed concerns Syria reform process Dardari unofficially renamed upcom project National Indicative Plan NIP seemed Syria socialist terminol years Most embassies foreign servers impressed After planning process being carried heavy UN EU assistance Structure seemed At least where Syrian domestic policy concerned In August various Lebanese officials moned Damascus instructed amend Lebanon constitution extend President Emile Lahoud three years As Hariri arranged passage legislation Sep tember France major backer Hariri reform forts sponsored became UN Security Council Reso lution which among other things demanded foreign forces leave Lebanon Suddenly seemed Paris Washington found common cause pressuring Damascus But international scene As Novem US Presidential elections approached EU nounced August accepted Syria commit ments WMDs agreed initial Association Agreement Syria On October Syria EU initialed Agreement ceremony little covered Syria abroad Only photo ceremony exists featuring EU Commissioner Chris Paton Syrian Foreign Minister Farouk Shara collectively grimacing Somewhat unexpectedly Damascus offensive using media Ahead profile Expatriates Conference first October President Bashar Assad reshuffled appointing Syrian journalist Mehdi Dakhlalah Min ister Information As editor state flagship daily Al Ba Dakhlalah known criti Syria reform process On appoint eculated appointed ister would instead The seemed Levels expression creased private sector publications seemed While lines about matters President family sectarian issues largely remained place information Syria reform problems began reaching people inter national community How Hariri February assassination affect Syria reform process anyone guess The French President Jacques Chirac openly furious assassination happened Syria security watch Lebanon Syria EU assisted reform programs Some EU consultants already expect their contracts newed Association Agreement benefits already ordered newslet promotional materials EU funded projects Nevertheless France EU ported Presi Assad reform efforts under difficult circum stances before Studies introduction VAT state insurance reform national strategies ICT dustry expected yield draft legislation months ahead If indication these drafts studies light likely function regional factors All issues First foremost Ba Party Conference scheduled sometime summer still announced The Ba Party reforming itself committees signed reform issues These include Arab national unity socialism freedom democracy while fourth reorga nization party The commit include members party least closely connected leader On freedom mocracy committee instance people supposedly loser opposition appointed How process affected outside pressures remains certain The second issue tenth Five Year Plan called National Indicative Plan brought forth Abdullah Dardari State Planning Commission SPC In interviews Syrian international press Dardari outlined market economic claims stand sharp contrast Syria socialist In Memoriam The I Rafik Hariri July As journalist based Lebanon I usually terviewed Prime Minister twice The first always shortly before release annual publica I edited Lebanon second followed Lebanon annual budget I always assume important persons I interview spend little possible answering questions especially concern complex political environment In summer Hariri tread water troubles As olitical finan architect civil Lebanon group ministers trying through economic reforms reduce Lebanon deficit which currently amounts billion percent GDP Hariri faced overcome obstacles before engineered election through campaign West Beirut When campaigning people liked Hariri When trying Leba accept cutbacks state bureaucracy imposition gasoline VAT people cursed names people around The person cursed Fouad Siniora Hariri financier years Lebanon Minister Finance I spent Finance Ministry during years Lebanon The reason simple these people worked their tails trying fiscal deficit reduce national Teams World Bank seconded Finance Ministry worked three shifts looking opportunities reduce Lebanon servicing costs In November Hariri close personal French President Jacques Chirac persuade called Paris II Donors Con ference In Lebanon financial collapse feared Lebanese Lira US Dollar Hariri secured billion finan assistance billion loans billion development funds The money largely reward budget austerity measures promises privatize state assets While Siniora successful getting state tighten Hariri government faced considerable resistance state phone networks outlined Paris II conference Siniora policy wonks believed privatiz state assets would attract foreign investment while putting quick money state coffers allowing government carry further repay ments Jean Louis Kordahi Minister Telecommu nications opposed Kordahi others believed networks should remain hands state managed foreign firms lowing state secure steady stream revenue years While Kordahi point called cellular issue everyone standing Hariri plans Lebanese President Emile Lahoud During interview I asked Hariri seven questions which centered government implementing plans lined Paris II He succinct technocratic answers demonstrating solid understanding economic financial issues I thanked began gathering notes recorder depart As approached turned You fifteen minutes Would Sure I answered I He began chitchat about L ebanon beauty special Arab World stuff Beirut But conversation turned toward Lebanese politics famously smile tucked bushy moustache disappeared We understand where resistance coming We toned agreements Lahoud recently request powers But getting worse Powers Syria Do think Lebanon afford What getting problems At least added A minutes later He walked middle large antechamber Lets other again around budget Two months later I shortly thereaf moved Syria We never again INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Current Fellows their Activities Alexander Brenner June CHINA With B A History Y M A China Studies Johns Hopkins School Advanced International Studies Alex China examining country adapting economic cultural globalization following accession World Trade Organization Richard D Connerney January INDIA A lecturer Philosophy Asian Religions Philosophy Rutgers Iona College University Hawaii Manoa Rick Connerney spend years Phillips Talbot Fellow studying writing about intertwining religion culture politics India described former U S Ambassador John Kenneth Galbraith functioning anarchy Rick B A M A religion Wheaton College University Hawaii respectively Cristina Merrill ROMANIA Born Bucharest Cristina moved Romania United States mother father Learning English retaining Romanian majored American History Harvard College there became captain women tennis She received Master degree Journalism New York University worked several U S publications Adweek New York Times spend years Romania watching emerge darkness Ceauscescu regime presumed light membership European Union NATO Andrew J Tabler February SYRIA LEBANON Andrew lived studied worked Middle East since Rotary Foundation Ambassadorial Fellowship enabled begin Arabic language studies toward Master degree American University Cairo Following Master editorships Middle East Times Cairo Times before moving Turkey Lebanon Syria worked Senior Editor Oxford Business Group correspondent Economist Intelligence Unit His ICWA fellowship Beirut Damascus where report Lebanese affairs S yrian reform Matthew Z Wheeler October SOUTHEAST ASIA A former research assistant Rand Corporation Matt spent years looking proposals plans realities regional integration disintegration along Mekong River China Vietnam With B A liberal Sarah Lawrence M A Harvard East Asian studies Blakemore Fellowship Thai language studies Matt examined short conflicts Burma Thailand Laos Cambodia Jill Winder July GERMANY With B A politics Whitman College Walla Walla WA Master degree Art Curating Bard College Annandale Hudson NY Jill ICWA Donors Fellow looking Germany through ideas viewpoints contemporary artists Before months intensive study German language Berlin Thomas J Watson Fellow looking communist practice cultural politics transition former Soviet Czech Republic Slovakia Poland Croatia Hungary Latvia Romania Slovenia Ukraine Institute Fellows chosen basis character previous experience promise They young professionals funded spend minimum years carrying designed programs study writing outside United States The Fellows required report their findings experiences field month They write subject formally informally The result unique reporting analysis periodic assessment interna tional events issues Author Tabler Andrew J Title ICWA Letters Middle East North Africa ISSN Imprint Institute Current World Affairs Hanover NH Material Type Serial Language English Frequency Monthly Other Regions East Asia South Asia The Americas Europe Russia Sub Saharan Africa ICWA Letters ISSN published Institute Current Wo Affairs Inc exempt operating foundation incorporated New York State offices located West Wheelock Street Hanover NH 03755 The letters provided charge members ICWA available libraries profes sional researchers subscription Phone Fax E Mail valley Web address Executive Director Peter Bird Martin Program Administrator Brent Jacobson Publications Design Management Ellen Kozak Institute Current World Af fairs The Crane Rogers Foundation The information contained lication reproduced writer permission