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1/1/1996 - Healing Arts, Healthy Economies? Emerging Markets for Ayurvedic Goods and Services by Cynthia M. Caron

Healing Arts Healthy Economies Emerging Markets forAyurvedic Goodsand Services COLOMBO Sri Lanka January By Cynthia M Caron The white pills kaleidoscopic gelatin capsules pharmaceutical panies Glaxo Smithkline Beecham widely available Sri Lanka Yet Sri Lanka ancient Ayurvedic tradition survives According Minister In digenous Medicine percent Sri Lankans continue Ayurveda But Ayurveda fashion although Sri Lankan entrepreneurs would change nourish Ayurvedic tradition century consu merism sages physicians never could imagined Commercialize Join World Wide Web Forgo patient physician relation Forget about diagnosis treatment It inject Ayurveda contemporarymarket forces Ayurveda acknowledged oldest written medical system Through Indra knowledge Ayurveda passed ancient Bharadwaj foothills Himalaya India years before birth Christ The first Ayurvedic titled Attreya samhita source written years before birth Christ This original claims spread ofdiseasesintothebody isdue toanimbalanceingas bileandphlegm knownas tridosh principle The second Ayurvedic written years later Susruta samhita This volume highlights first assistance surgery minor operations remedy problems during childbirth aliments intestinal problems Ayurvedic physicians traditionally serve patient except criminals anarchists In traditional Sri Lankan Ayurveda draws individual plant species minerals animal parts The common prescriptions regularly individual species Ayurvedic doctors addressed Vedamahatthmaya meaning yurve For hundreds years Ayurvedic treatment rural areas still given service During those early providing service esteemed obligation highest anyone could perform society The current generation Ayurvedic doctorswho following profes their ancestors mostly adhere notion service charge their advice diagnosis prescribed medicinal treatment Illness tridosh principle arises imbalance phlegm With stomach responsible types aliments properties amount consumed paramount disease nosis treatment Sweet foods produce blood flesh bones Sour substances increase digestive functions while salty foods remove produce mucus Gas assists cleansing toxic elements INDIA TAMILNADU Ran CMC moving mouth stomach pursuit physical activities Bile tains temperature eyesight color function liver kidneys Mucus maintains humidity provides energy diges blood circulation memory appetite muscles hands Exercise massage meditation Ayurvedic formula tions control imbalances As producer Ayurvedic health foods Ayurveda treats internal imbalance causes illness Western medicine treats illness NewDirections Sri Lanka Ayurveda health resorts popular tourist destinations While independent traveler check herbal massage these resorts cater special health conscious groups France Italy Ger speaking Europe During three three period participants practice limbering dance movements meditation exercises enjoy erbal baths massages special meals prepared human constitution inmind At Kalawathie Meditation Care Natural Environment Holiday Health Resort Ratnapura owner teaches herbal class where students learn makeherbalteas porridgesandmas In Sri Bhadra Mara introduced therapy Kalawathie This treatment segment every Ayurvedic session Sri Marapana admits terrorist attacks Colombo Fall sprung flood group cancellations The guest house often empty weekend visited In absence groups therapy become house special overnight guests The treatment includes application special light followed meditation session soothing sitar music incense burning background One continues unwind herbal Next comes gargle herbal mouth followed massage herbal variety tooth powder fermentation boiled pomegranate leaves massage seeds juice minute medicinal smoke smoldering coriander citrus leaves margosa This final especially clearing sinuses The treatment tarian curry lunch It probably worth price settled massage The treatment appeal somewhere incense burning In country Bandarawela German partnership purchased renovated bunga converted health resort They cater exclusively Germans special arrangement withGerman healthcare consultants travel agencies Sonia Klinner manages friend Groups mandatory three weeks The treatment rigorous That additional German staffmember counselor Sonia The Ayurvedic approach serious The partici pants ofwhom attendyoga classesandhealth clubs regularly Germany extensive health forwarded Ayurvedic group practice Colombo After participants Katunayake International Airport first Colombo spent physician consulta tions introducing individual personal course treatment For first center herbalbrothsandtea This meant detoxify Sonia They variety massaged their cannot rinse Everyone walks about towels wrapped round their heads The orratherthelackof iswhat starts emotional problems people Some clientshave series nightmares others finally lease anxiety built The detoxification period affects ryone differently Once reaction after first sessions arranged counselor accompany group addition theyogainstructor Views bungalow excellent The monsoon months Bandarawela fully booked months advance Sonia wraps saying Our clients difficult But completely energized afterwards Facial disappear smooth Nagging aches pains Everyone kilos feels better about their appearance physical stamina Clients usually purchase three month supply treatment formulations before leaving Sri Lanka Sonia agrees since Ayurvedic tradition volves around particular lifestyle seems unlikely massages herbalconcoctionsand class going lasting physi mental effects individual Most resorts SriLanka offer place unwind Beneficial treatment follow ngthy rigorous course But Institute Current World Affairs resorts might significant contribution thetourismindustry At exhibition coordinated Fourth Inter national Conference Global Health through Ayur recently Colombo BMICH Bandara naike Memorial International Conference Hall Ministry Indigenous Medicine Depart Ayurveda assembled several displays Ayurveda contemporary society A poster display entitled Cultivate medicinal plants contributor prosperity nation demon strated lucrative benefits potentially farmers cultivate medicinal plants A banner overhanging display booth pronounced High return three months investment labor While examples demonstrates nomicreturnsinthreemonths SeeFigure allofthe promotedmiracle plants provide betterincome dominant plantedbythe farmers withwhom Iworkwith inDeniyaya There grosses monthly income ranging between Rs Rs U S SL Rs For severalyears agricultural extension agents rural development workers looking small holder cultivators improve their yields diversify their livelihood strategy Promotion medicinal plants cultivation scheme favored groups reclamation degraded resources economic activity forlandless citizens TheInternational IrrigationMan agement Institute IIMI promoted gardening dicinalherbsonthebundsretainingpaddywatersand publicly owneddegradedlands theirDeniyayapro In Kataragama local residents hired ForestDepartmenthaveplanted22 acres green projectwithAyurvedicherbalplants Dr Upali Pilapitiya director Bandaranaike Memorial Ayurvedic Research Institute Maharag unless industry takes measures conserve medicinal plant genetic material result similar chopping hands Approximately percent materials manufacture Ayurvedic medicine Sri Lanka imported India In alone Research Institute spent million rupees purchase dried parts different plant species India For import Acorus calamus rhizomes Figure totaled Rs U S kilograms U S Kg If wondered whether environmental alarmists crying claimed plants could harvested extinction think again Ten medicinal plants flourished Sri Lanka continue ported India until plant material successfully propagated Research Institute herbal gardens outplanted Dr Pilapitiya sists sources harvested converted other practices My sources private sector claim dirth ofrawmaterial isdue torealestateandindustrialde velopment I agree FIGURE1 Financial benefits ofcultivatingmedicinal herbs calculatedby DepartmentofAyurveda Dryzone during season Scientific Cassia angustifolia Local Senna Soil Humusmixedwithsandysoil Planting distance Harvest After three months Crop Leavesandpods Cost Rs U S Profit Rs U S Mid countrywetzone Plumbago indica Rath Nitol Humusmixed After months Root Rs U S Rs U S Marshy lands Acorus calamus Wadakaha Similar paddy field After 12months Rhizomes Rs U S Rs U S CMC Despite Departme Ayurveda extension agents encourage struct farmers cultivation medicinal herbs procure genetic material rural Labor costs Hearty material ficult procure Marketing infrastructure transport information throughout island When Research Institute needs material instance advertise tenders fresh plant materials local daily newspapers Even farmer extension program secure between supplier buyer established The Bandaranaike Institute clinicwith hospital wards apiece womenand eight bedward clergy The Bandar anaike laboratory conducts analytical studies deter scientifically active properties plants treatment disease The treatment freeand ernment funded clinic conducting intensive clinical testing diseases includi rheumatoid arthritis bronchial asthma rashes psoriasis encephalitis epilepsy diabetes paralysis meningitis diction Over percent cases rheumatoid arthritis On visit arrived after lunch All women sitting straight their outstretched their Some propped themselves pillows wearing faded government issued cotton gowns There privacy A young woman teens showed marks rheumatoid arthritis treat The sized welts around knees never Her knees painfully Then assistance ofher hands slowly rightknee degree angle The other tients women suffered rashes andpsoriasis Drug addiction patients normallymale users Since beginning program clinical staff cured addicts using combi nation herbal drinks acupuncture I stood close acupuncturist slowly inserted needles elbows shoulders Recently World Health Organization WHO pressed interest documenting course treatment Newtrends Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals herbal health foods finding niche Sri Lanka market Oneofthe strikingdifferencesbetweenprivateAyur vedic pharmaceutical production traditional pharmaceutical manufacturing West price information The formulas Just Pharmacopeia ingredients before Unless formula covered patents necessary Competition costs risks associated developing prospecting active ingre dients jungles Costa Rica laboratory equip years trial error nonexistent While developing drugs through testing mbinations herbs animal parts minerals possible private sector industrialists I interviewed position undertake lengthy intensive research development programs Instead private firms offer tried ancient mulas general public attempt towean souls offPanadoland Pepto Bismol A large range herbal health foods produced Maharagama based Environmental Laboratories Ltd available local super markets pharmacies Ms Roberta Kaluarachchy corporation techni caldirectorandatrainedchemist islookingforways bring company products larger market Environmental Laboratories Ltd started years health manufacturer specializing waste water treatment facture water pollution control chemicals The Tamil insurrections destabilized Sri Lankan economy discouraged invest capital intensive industries wastewater treatment Sud denly laboratory alternative employment opportunities diversify talents their large staff engineers chemists crobiologists technicians Their objective country natural resource create value added product In testing began gotukola Centella asiatica andkarawila Momordica charantia extracts The entered market October under Naturelle Herbal Health Foods Two years later company entered localmarket againwith natural cosmetics Mystique array sandal cucumber derived facial scrubs astringents moisturizers youngfemale professional Mystique prices deliberately designed profit margin The earnings typical Sri Lankan secretary clerk retail salesperson Rs U S month leaving little pocket money after meeting subsistence expenses By their prices below Rs U S product Environmental Labs hoping working class consumer ported Swiss Formula St Ives Indian Shahnaz Institute Current World Affairs Husain Bio Originals other Sri Lankan brands thathave entered market We manufacturing corporation Ms Kaluarachchy explained We using natural vegetation produce health products withincreasednutritionalvalue Wewantto offerthe consumer health benefits ancient Ayur vedic prescriptions convenient The karawila English bitter gourd perfect example Just looking karawila curry makes grimace The taste cooked properly downright awful cannot feeling obliged drink juice fresh fruits small cucumber every This Ayurvedic prescription preventing diabetes controllingblood sugar The Naturelle system allows health conscious individualwhodoesnothavethetime togrind fruits everymorning turned offby vegetable taste enjoy benefits palatable Each karawila capsule contains equivalent grams karawila juice extract One capsule should taken twice after meals It The Naturelle system found quite following among residents Colombo Kandy Kurunegalle In other areas country rural themselves prepare early morning decoctions kenda porridge gotukola sambol salad curry At Rs U S capsule bottle packaged luxury The laboratory advertise materials import plant substances It tacts regular suppliers areas Mahaweli hydro electricity scheme Dambulla purchasing Cultivating personal contacts material price lower price market By careful planning intend local supply karawila karapincha Murraya koenigii gotukola welpenela Cardiospermum microcarpum their Naturelle capsule samename extract dried leaves flowers believed aphro disiac invigorator natural ingre dients Pitawakka Plus capsule Ayurvedic composition assist liver recuper ating hepatic infections alcohol abuse While information seeks advice experienced companies abroad We great correspondence Ayurvedic corporations In Ms Kaluarachchy especially looking theHimalayaDrugCompany amodel Theyhave product called Liv cures jaundice We tried match combine effective formulas locally CMC available material ourPitawakka Plus capsule After delivery plant material entire ufacturing ocess under First tables leaves sorted cleaned chopped Then without altering plant chemical nature nutritional composition extracted dried using temperature vacuum drying concentrated There additives synthetics In capsule contains vegetable extract consid eredadrug EnvironmentalLaboratorieswasthe first private corporation develop these products Sri Lanka The newest Naturelle product karapincha garlic capsule Recent studies shown karapincha consumed garlic basis lowers serum cholesterol triglyceride levels without adverse effects Ms Kaluarachchy readily admits Naturelle Mystique exports began demandin local would increase since urban Sri Lankan consu favors products exported There information hurdles overcome however before entertaining notion entering markets information regulations information about markets SriLanka unlikemanyfor nations regula system health products andthis includesboth cosmetics herbal health foods The Mystique cosmetics market without having undergo clinical trials government dards Before launching product Environmental Laboratories proached several government insti tutions about regulatory standards The Standards Institute standards cosmet The AyurvedaDepartment dealwith metics The Ministry Health synthetics under itspurview The staffranclinicaltestsonthem selves rashes irritations resulted So there havebeennoconsumercomplaints We company continue tomaintain assertsMs Kaluarachchy However problem finding details about regulatory processes abroad For instance enough about United State Food Drug Ad ministration toknowthat every singleone ofourprod uctswouldhavetopasscertainstandards setby their commission How about these dardsandthe standards ofothernations The problem regulatory standards there Onceweknowthereview criteriaofregulatory authorities aregoingtohave establishproofby performing clinical tests following standardization proceduresthat areexpensiveandtime consuming The capable competing international regional level foreign investment We cannot further investments equipment ourselves We recently discon tinue production throat lozenge It hygroscopic andcannotbebottled Wecannotaffordtopurchase blister packing machine Business picked pasttwoyears andIhavebeguninquirieswithUSAID CIDA Canadian International Development Au thority allocate funds expanding nessenterprises EducatingWes consumersabout healthben efits ofthe Ayurvedic system isboundtobe expen endeavor The established weather trendy experimental health conscious clique belargeenoughtojustifyan overseascampaign There littleinformationonwhattheAmerican Australian European consumer wants willing spend product advertise captures attention product enhances lifestyle These questions deserve thoughtful attention market research costsmoney thatthe laboratorydoesnothaveto spend Dr Nugewella former chemistry professor UniversityofPeradeniya isaco founderofLinkNat Products Pvt Ltd Much Environmental Laboratories Link entered Ayurveda market after steadily falling price essential cinnamon carda world market forced diversify The company factory located downtown Colombo With formulations themarket thecompanyhasbecome Sri Lanka largest manufac turers Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals Their newest herbal consumer products including herbal health foods available without prescription These include three caffeine herbal gotukola capsules muscle massagingbalm water soluble powder taken onset symptoms tonics Ayurvedic formulations belong category Arishta meaning roots The extracts roots constituents decoction supplements tional herbal plants Tonics taken daily before meals digestion treat diminished appetite nutrition supplement Link nextproduct after dinner digestive tablet dissolves linger ingtastes ofsalt sweet bitterandsouronthetongue Mr Sunil Tennekoon Link managing director tended Australia FineFoods exposition Sep tember The typical Australian consumer ready forLinkproducts Theyhada particularwayof rollingtheproductbetweentheirtwohandsandwant toknoweverylast detailabout theingredients summarizinghis experience The challenge Australians unfamiliar botanical ciesand Ayurvedic system However Australia significant Sri Lankan expatriate population provides entering wedge foreign market where The greatest emigration Sri Lankans curred early Sri Lankans purchasing power abroad middle still familiar benefits Ayur Tennekoon captured interest ofone Sri Lan fruit importer based Australia After introduction products campaign heavilyonword mouth Frankly without government regulations Sri Lankan industry nowhere Dr Nuge wella Nugewella desire standards deeperthantheeffecttheywill haveonexportoppo tunities focuses enormous benefits dards domestic market Today Ayurvedicphysiciansdonot prepare theirowndecoc tions their patients years This unique characteristic traditional system cumbing quickly competition forrawmaterials especiallythosewith limited seasonality Furthermore physician cannot maintain identical standards quality without proper ingredients medicines areproduced intermit smallbatches Todaythecommonpractice isfor patient receiveanAyurvedicdi agnosis prescription Ayurvedic physician purchase necessary remedy Ay urvedic pharmacy At iiiiiiiilil there different ranging those manufac tured someone kitchen shelf varieties those produced controlled environment Link sterilized factory For obvious reasons technology expertise quality control associated withLinkproducts increases their price petition If patients select pharmaceutical price alone probability endup substan dardproductis In cases after patient receive itive results easily turned Ayurveda Western medicine Nugewella My primary concern Ayurveda reputation suffers loses clients process substandard products market Without regulations these people continue their business Lack regula tions hurts Sri Lankan consumer There respected authoritative entrusted protect buyer mediocre products It moral responsibility producer offer quality product Threemonths Minister ofAyurvedavisited Link factory rural Hangwella Dr Nugewella Institute Current World Affairs discussed length problems manufacturer submitted detailed proposal outlining appropriate regulatory procedure guidelines The Minister confidence contact since Ayurvedic treated foods pharmaceuticals contendsDr Nugewella company FiveHerbs Unless there standards forcedwithproperwarningsandpenalties themarket saturate itself Sri Lanka There ample oppor tunity abroad hands politi cians The World Health Organization recognizes Ayurvedic formulations published claring thousands formu lations proven effective centuries Exploration offoreignmar uncovered useful information Many countrieswantdocumentation toxicity mulas containingmorethan herbs Dr Nugewella finds acceptable since month procedureis relativelyinexpensive After discussion Mr Tennekoon through factory manufactu process The materials store filled polyethy sacks containing newly received dried plant materials The materials sorted stored large wooden crates Next materials formulation carefullyweighedand separately bagged The system accountability begins staff member responsible weighing quired material tagging bagging The formula materials double checked signed onbyone ofthein house Ayurvedic physicians Onthe eastern ofthe storeroom sevenrows stainless steel producing distillations Most necessary materials placed inside treatment process facturing extract Afterwards extract boiled Other additives honey sugarandthe dried flowers Woodfordiaf uiticosa mightbeadded latterpromotesandcontrols siredleveloffermentation beforethedistillationis tered sterilized bottledandpackaged Behind plant small nursery established months Link tries material procure local They regular suppliers throughout islandandimport genetic material available Sri Lanka primarily Himalayan region India kfghanistan The intends outplant seedlings tract recently acquired Link plans cuttings villagers plant gardens Any thing quarter profita Tennekoon remarked From projectwe intend tomake profit Wewill plythematerialandthenbuyitback Inrecentmonths procure material market Whilepricefluctuates itisalwaysexpensive Ifwecan guaranteeourownsupplythat willbeenough How profit company Rs U S packet water soluble herbal cough powder The newest Link product enter Inst Peyava dissolved drink similar America Thera Flu remedy Retailers percent product price Since Instant Peyava herbal counter opposed pharmaceutical retailed through distributor This intermediary takes The product production approximately Rs U S Once Instant Peyava becomes mover retailer profit slashed Uni lever example gives retailers seven eight percent profit margin moving items Sun light laundry Luxbeauty Ifthe Indianmarket setsanyexample SriLanka Ayurvedic products getting ready Plant material dried outsideand sortedfor quality before entering factory stores CMC Stainless steelvats thestoreroomofLink sHangwellaplant cessinthemarketplace Salesare conglomerates enteringthe market demandexists There ofcourse several differences opulation India millions larger Sri Lanka Aside Enron scandal Indianinvestment environment farmore stable thedowntown Colombobombingofthe Central Bankattests SeveralIndiandrugmanufacturers large enough initiate their joint ventures abroad Tanzania South Africa already established joint ventures Western pharma ceutical corporations The HimalayaDrug Corporation successfully placed Ayurvedic formulations market since For their recorded growth achieved percent turnover Rs crore One crore million rupees Bangalore based Kar nataka Antibiotics Pharmaceuticals Ltd which 26productsincluding diagnostic kitsand animalhealth products addition pharmaceuticals began Ayur manufacture marketing They among bigger entries having doubled their production years After profit soared Rs crore Rs crore This corporationhasampleresources invest India Sri Lanka share marketing obstacles What knowledge their respective Ayur systems worth their countries abroad Howcananundeterminedvalueleverage againstandcompete bellsandwhistles After spending distillation extract boileddown ThedecoctionforDashamoolarishta brand Dekatone herbal tonic taken before meals fordigestion boilsfor14continuoushoursand isreduced liters liters SmithklineBeecham other internationalconglom erates The answer matching ancient Ayur formulations their equivalent Western medicineandjudgingthemunderthe exactsamecrite The worth Ayurveda established placed contemporary context given equal standing allopathy Again regulations prominent Ayurvedic products dergotherigorsof modern scientifictesting clinical evaluation animal testing human volunteers standardization procedures which nowexempt The director research development Hima layaDrugCompany HDC reporter Ay urveda there little proper scientific safety With growing awareness harmful fects chemicals environmental adminis tered establish safety efficacy Ayurveda Menon Unlike Environmental Laboratories Colombo outskirts HDC financial resources invest Rs lakhs One Indian rupees U S Rs state laboratory equipment This invest mentcomes atatimewhentheIndianGovernment Institute Current World Affairs Inserting Instant Peyava sachets sachet strips distributed smallest ofretail Allfactory ployees required elasticized coverings seriously considering setting industry standards Myinterest intheemergingAyurvedamarket origi nated frommyconcern farmers small holders I southern country Ruraldevelopment projects assist these income natural resource dependent groups diversify their household incomes In recent years conservation genetic plant materialand growing medicinal herbs popular income supple The approach earns respectbecause ofits desire protect biodiversity indigenous medicinal knowledge quick confidence brief demand product poten tialinternationalgrowth I believe diverse livelihood strategy profitable especially Sri Lankan context where industry suffer internal problems associated scheme privatize state owned estates rising estate prices falling prices world market As demonstrated Figure Ayurveda De partment calculated financial benefits dated cultivation limitednumber dicinal plants However after talking several industry experts found opportunities growing medicinal herbs country infrastructure respect marketing transport information exchange between supplier buyer materials industry realizing potential government legislated industry standards Demand might exist market ailing When environmental managers about policy constraints government support natural resource conservation development projects Ayurvedaindustry fairexampleofwhattheyare CMC talking about There several intentioned groups individuals devoting resources poverty alleviation environmental conserva The Government announces often wants benefits economic investment dustr development reach rural areas In The corporation newly established nursery straightforward fashion farmers couldbe linked dustry parties information about other Alternatively class traders dlemen might spring Even though middlemen stereotyped exploiters professor graduate school reminded during lecture families With industry standards enforced regulations determined coordinated effort extension officers prosper Ayurveda could extend public corporations cultivators The bringing appropriate groups table alyze organize Ayurveda market orderly fashion awesome Investigating Ayurveda industry respect rural development conservation projects mindedmeagain allconservationproposalsand projects operate different political spheres Grow icinal herbs might proven successful vicinity Indonesian tropical forest serve Replication project might prove successful Sri Lanka Sinharaja region It often desire international Hisham Ahmed Born blind Palestinian Dheisheh Refugee Camp Bethlehem Hisham finished A levels fifth score students throughout Israel He received B A political science scholarship Illinois State University M A Ph D University California Santa Bar Back East Jerusalem still blind Hisham plans gather histories broad selection Palestinians produce Por trait Palestine crucial point Middle Eastern history MID EAST N AFRICA Adam Albion A former research associate Institute East West Studies Prague Czech Republic Adam spending years studying writing about Turkey regiona growing importance actor Balkans Middle East former Soviet A Harvard graduate History Adam completed first M Litt degree Russian East European history languages Oxford University EUROPE RUSSIA Cynthia Caron With Masters degree Forest Science Yale School Forestry Environmental Studies Cynthia spend years South Asia ICWA first John Miller Musser Memo Forest Society Fellow She studying writing about impact forest preservation projects lives tenure indigenous peoples local farmers their fringes Her fellowship includes stays Bhutan India Sri Lanka SOUTH ASIA Forest Society William F Foote Formerly financial analyst Lehman Brothers Emerging Markets Group Willy Foote examining economic structure Mexico impact market reforms Mex people society olitics Willy holds Bachelor degree Yale University history Master London School Eco nomics Development Economics Latin America studied Basque history San Sebastian Spain He carried intensive Spanish language studies Guatemala worked editor Reporter Buenos Aires Herald THE AMERICAS Sharon Griffin A feature writer contributing columnist African affairs San Diego Union Tribune Sharon spending years national development organizations mediate action without investigating wider nomic social political context hindsight causes poverty alleviation natural resource conservation projects GI southern Africa studying Zulu KwaZulu kingdom writing about nongovernmental organizations fulfillment centers national needs developing countries where governments still feeling their toward ctive administration She plans travel Namibia Zimbabwe South Africa SAHARA John Harris A would lawyer undergraduate degree His University Chicago John reverted international studies after internship product liability department Chicago years postgraduate Russian University Washington Seattle Based Moscow during fellow John studying writing about Russia nascent political begin difficult transition identities based personalities their leaders positions based national inter national issues EUROPE RUSSIA Pramila Jayapal Born India Pramila through primary secondary education Indonesia She uated Georgetown University M B A Kellogg School Management Evanston Illinois She worked corporate analys PaineVVebber accounts manager world leading producer cardiac defibrillators recently managed million developing country revolving Program Appropriate Technology Health PATH Seattle Pramila spending years India tracing roots studying social issues involving religion status women popula AIDS SOUTH ASIA Teresa C Yates A former member American Civil Liberties Union national force workplace Teresa spending years South Africa observing reporting efforts Mandela government reform national tenure system A Vassar graduate juris doctor University Cincinnati College Law Teresa internship Centre Applied Legal Studies Johannesburg studying feasi bility including social economic rights South Afri constitution While ACLU conducted Seminar Women Law Fordham Law School New York SAHARA Institute Current World Affairs Author Institute Current World Affairs Title ICWA Letters South Asia ISSN Imprint Institute Current World Affairs Hanover NH Material Type Serial Language English Frequency Monthly Other Regions East Asia Mideast North Africa Europe Russia SubSaharan Africa The Americas Chosen basis character previous perience promise Institute Fellows young professionals funded spend years carrying designed programs study writing outside United States The Fellows required their findings experiences field month They write subject formally informally The result unique report analysis periodical assessment ternational events issues The Institute ofCurrentWorld Affairs 4WESTWHEELOCKSTREET HANOVER NEW HAMPSHIRE 03755 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED Nonprofit Org U S Postage PAID Lebanon NH 03766 Permit