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6/1/1996 - Certifying Sustainability: Analog Forestry and Eco-labeling by Cynthia M. Caron

Certifying Sustainability Analog Forestry Eco labeling COLOMBO Sri Lanka June By Cynthia M Caron People nothingabout nature ofcourse neurotic adapted reality Carljung Sustainability concept thrown around today liberally fields nature conservation environmental management economic development As understand sustainability involves combining biological ecological information social sciences values institutions haviorand organizations Weengage inmuch ofthistalkabout sustainabilitypar tially result disastrous social ecological consequences historically narrow approach planning relied primarily application economic principles promised least pathway success without compromising efficiency technological innovation enabling society hurdle unforeseen obstacles inconvenient constraints development In biological sense every system whether garden forest downtown Colombo oscillates between inflexible boundaries If boundaries passed enter condition where system loses original identity tential These boundaries represent thresholds cannot transcended without extinction Senanayake A point biologically speaking return Such situation considered unsustainable Economic systems against might pushing through these boundaries What exciting about environmentalmanagement isournewapproach throughwhichwe tryinasense reform economics incorporating social structures social processes norms previous management approaches remain within constructs biological sustainability In newsletter going explore example integration through introduction biological forestry principles combined economic incentive called certification management strategies hundreds farmers trying rehabilitate reclaim exhausted eroded soils Sri Lanka potato bacco growing country Buildingand certifying better biological system Dr Ranil Senanayake founding director Neo Synthesis Research Cen NSRC small Sri Lankan governmental organization NGO committed organic farming sustainable forestry practices For decade Senanay developed improved promoted calls analog forestry It forestry technique mimics natural forest succession patterns processes within small space farmer garden He calls analog forestry farming systems management purpose helping farmers convert smallholdings abandoned tobacco farms healthy forest gardens ecologicalaswellaseconomic objectives Farmerswhofollowprinciples ofanalog forestry their farms certified sustainable systems products grownonfarm certified assustainablyproduced AccordingtoSenanayake NSRC probably oldest perhaps first NGO planet certify forest products fruits There biological chemical physical attrib ecosystem Senanayake Certifica forest system based scientific principles At NSRC focus biological physical properties water combining observation chemical testing residues occasional laboratory tests The organic layer humus evidence enough soilcanorissupportingamature forest Analog forestry silvicultural1 system based mimicking native forest maintaining restor ecological structure function natural osystems while simultaneously managing economic yield While forest garden management subsistence purposes traditional Sri Lanka provid sustainable economic returns gardens ecologically vigorous modern lenge Traditional Sri Lankan forestry spice gardens forest gardens Kandyan homegardens demon strate aspects analog forestry since attempt combine physical structures ecological tions analogous natural climax forestZ economic profitability See Box I Figure Analog forestry concentrates development crops designing cropping systems produce ecological conservation economic Farmers follow natural stages successions substituting natural species nomically useful species This forestry artificial Species native retained introduced combination mainstream economically productive Figure Therelativepositionsofcanopystrata Canopystrataarethehorizontal layers crowns separate higher lower layers emergents B STRATUM continuous canopy C STRATUM there D E strata FOREST FLOOR STRATUM Source Oliver C D C Larson ForestStandDynamicsUpdateEdition NewYorkandToronto John Wiley Sons Inc Silviculture forestrywhatagronomy istoagricultureinthat isconcernedwiththetechnologyofcropproduction Theidealgoalofsilviculture isputtingtherighttreeintherightplacewithjusttherightamountofgrowingspace ateach stageofdevelopmenttocreateandmaintainthekindofforestthatwillbest fulfilltheobjectivesoftheowner D M Smith Climax stable cyclical ecological process succession CMC vegetation While analog prides itself mimicking natural forest notmeanrecreating previ forest Some people disappointed visit their first analog forest patch forest stand places emphasis economic species Senanayake expatriate SriLankan logist Ph D University California Davis livesinAustraliabutreturnsto SriLankaatleastonce review analog progress maintains criteria sustainable forest management based science There scientifically documented relationships between species micro fauna Senanayake There flourishing micro faunal communities breadfruit Artocarpus nobilis jakffuit Artocarpus herterophyllus mango Mangifera indica sweet potato The potatoes pines cultivated throughout country strong connectionwith Sri Lanka soilbiology Analog forestrybuilds localknowledge enhance thestabilityandqualityofthesoil travelextensively throughout South America introduced species trials mahogany Brazilian cherry cream Inga nitrogen fixing CentralAmericawithanedible Later Foodand Agriculture Organiza FAO United Nations inter governmental panel forest management attending meeting suspect Swiss Peru Canadian Malaysia sustaina forestry certification programs Certification systemsmustbe rooted biological criteria Wemust investigate indicator keystone species ticular forestand ifthey present Wemust tablish indicator states For forest indicator state would evapotranspiration ratio To calculate ratio sample nature organic compounds humus recognize ecosys temisreachingmaturity The United Nations sponsored Open Ended Inter governmentalMeeting Scientific ExpertsonBiologi Diversity accepted analog forestry sustainable resource management However problems still exist international certification standards One problems regard certification rests Senanayake policy makers agree definitio biodiversity forest TheFAOstillconsiderssingle speciesplanta tionsa forest I refer analog forestry certification biodiversity development Senanayake Con servation means holding natural state keeping intact Whatwe analog forestry isworkwith thropogenic systems develop logical complexity maturity If anything biodiversity enhanced promote For instance farmers incorporating digenous threatened ferns orchids their analogs We crops analog grown organically species animals birds confined forest tablishpopulations inthe analog Sharingknowledge Technicians atNSRCunderSenanayake sguidance develop cropping alternatives species trials within gardens enhance small farmers earning tential These include planting marigolds around edges ofbeds ofannuals toreducenematode infesta plantinglemon grass marketable thathasathickandveryfinerootstructurethat stabi lizes Theycarryoutregularexperimentationwith application levels doses organic pesticides chilipowderandtobacco Analog forestry considers landscape single farmer designed terms environ mental stability economic productivity dividual holder larger mosaic ofwatersheds across landscape Water retention considered Species richness awell knownindicator forbiodiversity Forthat extension agents NSRC visit participating farmers there farmers theprogram fromthe country resort Bandarawela region alone every months recording species gorizingtheminto23 differentheight intervalclasses Extension agents responsible measuring quantity ofbiomass yield andits formation culated vegetation density height growth Periodically record crown diameter shape changes forest garden architecture To decomposition ratesunder garden various cessional stages accumulation traps placed within thegardento collect falling leaflitter Senanayake designedaninspector certification train program instruct agriculturalists foresters howto design analog forestsandmaintainand scientif ically organic properties ofthe system enabling formally recognize participating farmers The course examination graduating chartered certifiers inspectors Four people completed certification course offered NSRC Thirty students first phase three phase training process There training courses Costa Rica Ecuador Canada Senanayake reachinganagreementinBrazil He proud NSRC received funding internationaldonor agencies The organization grassroot initiative local NGOs concerned citizens There NSRC tellsme First wedothejobofcertificationasacon sulting service Second resource forestry andfarmingtechniques Wemustincrease analog ficacy extension education Weare conducting researchonkeystone species ferent forest types expand analog forestry Institute Current World Affairs models Since receive little funding NSRC hasnowaytobuildupits capacity Kapila Bandara Project Director Colombo Asia Foundation environmentalists NSRCfirstaskedusforsupportin1993tostartanan forest extension project works through local thrift death donationand rural development cieties Through effective slide shows demonstra tions children vegetable farmers extensionofficersreachedover10 000peoplein21 lageswithina 40kilometerradius oftheBandaraw NSRC research center At meetings wediscussedproblems important farmers andwhy existed We posters describing lengthy buildingprocessandhowthatcomparedwith region After presentations farmers volunteered their farms evaluated Thosewith greater interestwere given seedlings advice convert their gardens analog forest gardens Our support there Bandara contin In 1994wefundedaroadsideFarmerAdvisory ServicesBureau advise passersbyon dosage ferti lizersand pesticides During initial investi gations discovered farmers applying fertilizer needed Anyone traveling along market could service hired trained agriculture college graduates questions Atthispointintime Iamworriedaboutthe sustaina bility organization management continues They NSRC should technology It themselve think international donors would interested support inganalogextensionandtraining For three halfyearsNSRC without funding Bandara This lastyear Asia Foundation analog extension It diffi decision No other organization experience qualified personnel field research extension They technology should start National Training Institute Ranil wants remain small An organization remain small forashorttime Theniteitherexpandsorperishes An established institute could offer courses explainingthe analogconceptandthe certification program notjust certifiersbut anyone interested In I Ranil Asia Foundation would first participants after other donors should worthwhile program The Asia Foundation funding analog restry based tiative Sri Lanka target small forest patches According Bandara small forest patches their identity He wants protect uniqueness benefits local dents through analog In Young Zoologists association conducted survey forests under CMC hectares compile Tropical ForestryReg ister TFR Based unique ecological values patches supporting genetic diversity these small patches chosen analog restry sites The government attention large forests Sinharaja Knuckles Bandara The recent NationalConservationReview consider forests under hectares Our project fills Some species exist areas acres All takes government approval buildanewgarmentfactoryandthearea isgone We havehiredadozen socialcatalystswhospentthe first months visiting local communities temples government institutions explaining alogconceptandhow whereandwhen itwillbeim plemented Forest patches close together connected through analog perform bridge function while forests farther apart willbe increased through planting forest buffer Other local NGOs including NSRC assistingwith project simplementation Farmers participate because nomicbenefits ofthe certifiedproductstheycan Aside Asia Foundation Sri Lankan organizations picking sharing analog forestry concept Ajantha Palihawadana NSRC three years Sri Lanka Integrated RuralDevelopment Program IRDP inNuwara Eliya His primary responsibility design extension program develop alternative gardens upgrading through introduction ofSALT Sloping Agricultural Land Technology See Figure andanalogforestry Tobacco companies returned hundreds ofhec tares leased their original owners The completely eroded Because tobacco needs sunlight trees tobacco fieldhave pruned naked Ajantha complains tobacco strips everything worse Soil erosion Nuwara Eliya pounded population densities inappro priate agricultural technologies damaging weeding methods application pesticides fertilizers The wastelands analog forestry nowtries reclaim ecologicallypoorandeconom ically unproductive Four percent coarse grass lands climax species Imperata Cymbopogon Theme Nine percent abandoned tobacco slash areas climax scrubland stage Lantana camara Ficus hispidaand Eupatorium Our first these sites stabilization saysAjanthaPalihawadana Iandmystaffholdthree meetings villages three pilot areas Dur these meetings discuss nutrient recycling composting other ecological principles Next farmer farmer extension service Two resentatives previously group meetings trained resource persons They tually train newcomers group Program education becomes sustaining Once farmers trained other ecology develop implement SALT analog thefarmers Wewantto seemoretreecoverinhome gardens Farmers choose plants IRDP gives information spacing supplies terial coordinates collection storage service choice individual trees Farmers start changing their cropping patterns annuals damom turmeric Later certain elements picked All farmers vision their farms Once farmer results neighbor believes sustainable planning management analog concept catches Choosinga siteforAnalogForestry While analog forestry appropriate almost sites Ajantha recommends least extent themaximumsize familycanhan without hiring labor Smaller plots appropriate ifthey adjacent surroundedby natural forest The firststepistodemarcatethe sitewithteak jakand mahogany seedlings plant these species openspaces During preparation shade trees pruned Old diseased trees felled Compostheaps aremade grass leaves straw chicken manure nettle dandelion Elderberry planted compost speedup process since elderberry provides favorablemicro climate formicro organisms During stabilization double nitrogen fixing species planted along contour lines These hedgesareprunedatthe startofthenextrainyseason loppings spreadbetween ntrol offand amulch fornew plants Farmers begin nursery plants future This reasonwhy farmers determine successionalprocess oftheir Farmers invest labor convert their these practices stagger harvest differ Figure Visualofon farmSALTintervention How establish I I hedgerow Barriers ofRand Branche DeepRtssengoningthe terrace J A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION FOR THE SOIL Institute Current World Affairs crops Ajantha There farmers ticipating IRDP three pilot projects IRDP groundwork preparation There different ecological zones Nu Eliya Farmers already great entific information their daily experience Before analog sessions I altitude rainfall species Next I spend nearb natural forest looking indicator species frogs lizards orchids keystone species species attract birds insects Then I combine ecological characteristics natural forest short economic benefits forest garden The emphasis nomics I farmers incorporate periment species combinations promote biodiversityand recreate restore logical integrity For instance I recently found portant growing medicinal plant pollinated endangered species butterfly I asked farmers intercrop medicinal their conservation hedgerows Then prune hedgerows cattle fodder medicinal included biomass The medicinal value particular species control worms livestock especially goats The farmer getting range ofbenefits incorporation species fodder healthcare while creasing habitat species butterfly Once analog established easier incorpo range diverse species increase logicaland economic benefits accruing farmer Analog forestry takes advantage naturally occurring those created creates through harvest trees garden Gap ecology field Ajantha There plenty information about species might possibly establish themselves However widely available information successional process beginning phase farmers normally species urally colonize Depending farmer wants develop forest plant early successional species speed establishment newly availa growing space Farmers balance their yield within ecological constrai their system When conduct series mapping cises farmers depict their looked looks would future sometimes reduce optimistic farmers We IRDP really promote analog forestry Ajanthasays asmuchaswearepromotingsustaina village planning incorporates elements ofanalog This iswhywetakeagroup approach We farmer involved through reach neighbors In organic farming certifica important group farmers partici because fertilizers pesticides CMC adjoining lands In instances possible organic farmers plant certain species buffer zones incorporate other diversion niques reduce contamination unwanted chemi I conducting trials purpose We workshops pruning coffee pepper Since Briti coffee management neglected There market smallhold producing organically grown coffee Ajantha chartered certifier through NSRC program Yet farms under IRDP coordinates certified though farmers follow organic principles As Ajantha plains ironic situation reveals system glitch These areas small supply quantity overseas buyers demand For instance order leafy green gotukola Centella asiatica The certification process Sri Lanka certifies large farms first Smaller farmers establishedtheirownmarkets fororganicgoodswith local businesses cooperatives Colombobuyers Linking producers ecologically conscious consumers The major motivation farmer practice forestry income Dr Senanayake believes farmers certification process The market exists Certifiers exist It matter linking everyone Distributors organic products worldwide Sri Lanka Lanka Organics Pvt Limited eight years Business really started Lanka Organic nation fourth organic produce company first three We certify Our certifiers employ simple techniques field It tively detect residues ratherthan plant tissue conduct laboratory experiments todetectresiduesinleafygreens AllofLankaOrgan products international certification dards under International Federation Organic Agriculture Movements IFOAM National Asso ciation Sustainable Agriculture Australia NA SAA Many Sri Lankan farmers experimenting organic techniques formed Lanka Organics Agricultu ralMovement LOAM saidDr Ranil Thisorgani zation involved definition local standards organi obtaining international accreditation organic production Entering partnership Lanka Organics serious business Farmers checkedonceortwiceayear Iftheyarenotmain taining organic standards their certification license This three strikesandyou reout system The Forest Garden Products certification program starting So marketed organic produce General Manager Lanka Organics T L Raj Now ready tinguishbetweenagricultureand forestry We sellor ganic cashews mango papaya bananas iccated coconut Spices cinnamon cloves damom pepper nutmeg white sesame Our products include gingerand turmeric Weare ploring markets forlemon grass basiland other herbs Our LankaOrganics extension officerswhohave received theirtrainingfromNSRCcoordinateanarea design planting harvesting Raj Each extension officer responsibl least farms coordinating farmer monitoring system checking books Each participating farmer maintains register financial transfers duction levels At beginning there random checking farmer register compost production At project organicyield forthecomingyear There sustainable yieldindex foreachand every product Using number trees combined yield statistics scholarly research trials officials expected yields upcoming This calculated maximum number canbesoldasorganic Anyharvestabove thisyield othermarketsbut asanorganic product We purchase percent produce cause Lanka Organics capacity dispose supply because setbacks Raj There approximately farmers system Weare trying purchasemore percent produce farmer As market develops handle larger numbers produce In first cashews farmers system Nowwe ofalargernetworkinteractingwith buyers Turkey Guatemala Madagascar Sri Lanka produces quality cashews content excellent butter manufac turing In first April gardens and65 000kgs ofcashewswere certified Lanka Organics sells importers wholesalers inNewZealand AustraliaandJapanand isresearch markets Germany Sweden United King United States Of these countries Mr Raj expects United States toughest While Germans prices organic products Americans extra money Takeforexampleorganictea saysRaj Ourprice kilogramwhereasnormaltea sells We trytokeepourmarkup 50percent Overseabuy percent other cannot product We constantly trying touch consumer trying promote indigenous products We recently order U S kitul syrup competing other indus trial sweeteners Kitul possible substitute syrup Unfortunately short shelf causeofproblemswithfermentation Ifwecancontrol production process right tempera shelf lifecanbeincreased toonetotwomonths This isjustoneexample ofthe large scaledemandthat nowexists organicproduce andhowweare trying tomeetit While itiseasytobringnewfarmersintothesys difficult Raj Farm willing enjoy premium keento maintain organic farming practices premium We short farmers measure their commitment system annual bonus tothosewhohave thebestmanagementsystem B ankingonthegreenpremium consumers these products contribute change lifestyles oftropical subsistencefarmersandhelp reverse trends tropical rainforest habitat destruction AdvertisingfromLanka OrganicsBrochure Howarewe peoplewithpurchasingpower goingto reward individuals companies nation states practicing sustainable natural resource agement Are United States citizens cheap businessmanagersofLankaOrganics findustobe Ms Sharon Flynn Conservation International Conser vation Enterprise Department assists rural communi create biodiversity enterprises smooths leading national regional international market integration She finds Consumers partic ularly North American fickle generally suspicious green messages While consumer polls great desire green environ mentally friendly products feedback actual tailers indicates given buyers choose alowpriceoveragreen content Certificationisamarketmechanismlikeatax tariff banorboycott induce desirablebehavior However isunlikebansorboycottsthatoftensendthewrong signals depress prices further decrease value already undervalued resources condu natural resource conservation Certification green premium reward better natural resourcemanagementpractices The premises certi fication three Behavior producer canbe changedby driven incentives Consumerpurchasingpatternscanbechanged Taking consideration seasonal variation maximum output cashew macadamia accurate Institute Current World Affairs consumers taught differentiate between similar products providing accurate credi information The price differential preference product created certification marginal difference forproducers switch bettermanagementpractices Certification finds itself center controversy Many economists clever retail niche markets often referred boutique ofthe market willhave limited effect inaninter national marketplace dominated wholesalers The boutique market plays important certification because absolute market share because leadership ability premium prices forest products Customers mustbe willingtopaymorefor certificationandthat cludes covering costs involved certifying forest performing field assessments implementing management practices neces sarytobecomecertified thatarebornebythe producer Othersinvolvedininternationaltradesaythat certi fication bring about sustainable management practices because certification address causes environmental struction It assesses whether product itself cannot improve level natural resourcemanagement Itmaybe easiertomarketnutsandresinsthantim uncut round While analog forestry motes plantingandmanagement native tropical hardwoods small three timber trees generate large enough supply Logs would marketed through Asian wholesalertradingin certified timber The certification system implemented Lanka Organics recog nizedyetbythe internationaltimber certificationcom munity primarily Forest Stewardship Council FSC which business certifying sustaina managed forests fewer percent tropicalforestspractice forestmanagement definition ofwhichis constantly changi Market shareandpremiumprices certified likely increase consumer awareness tinues reflected their purchases A survey Win terhalter Cassens Viana reports percent people US citizens surveyed would prefer their furniture origi nated sustainably managed forest percent would willing furniture originated forest Thequestion whatpercentofpeoplearereallywill their noble ecological rhetoricwhentwo nearly identical products placed other Manufacturers green products demonstrate product features benefits efficacy green positive attribute might ciding factor persuadingsomeone tobuy product MarkEisen Manager ofEnvironmental Marketing Home Depot thinks manufacturers green products aggrandizing rhetoric substantiated claims Market ingmust provide scientifically substantiated claims consumers identify understand arebuying We stopped count years different words phrases Eisen The classic environ mental marketing claims renewable plant trees every harvested Vying first place environmentally sustainable We startedourenvironmentalmarketingmanagement focus alternative products those offer environmental benefits least environmental burdens police claims manufacturersmakegood credible claims wouldwithstandlegalandmoralscrutiny Like marketing commodity green product exceed customer expectations Green anotherbuyingdimensionorquality criteria Eventhe socially conscious institution slave market forces andproductdemand Wewill neitherpaynorcanwe certified product unless consumers express their willingness Eisen summedup Certification intends create system inwhich vironmentally conscious producers favored marketplace Certification about practicing management making honest marketing claims Leaders Western nations often complain their citizens eventually irrespon sible environmentally insensitive behavior other nations At least certification positive restitution It foolhardy disregard underestimate thousand hectares small tropical island Small might small small individual actions across landscapescan aggregate greatbenefits CMC SOURCES Senanayake R Sustainable agriculture Definitions parameters measure JournalofSustainableAgriculture Report extension program undertaken raise awareness amongst farmers onstrate analog forestry sustainable management practices Badulla Dis trict NSRCreportsubmittedtotheAsiaFoundation Palihawadana A Analog forestry organic farming IRDP Nuwara Eliya PP Smith D M The practice silviculture New York Toronto John Wiley Sons Flynn S Building markets timber forest products Challenges lessons learned In Dicum G Local Heritage Changing Tropics Innovative strat egiesfor natural resource managementand control Yale School Forestry Environmen talStudiesBulletinSeries NewHaven CT YaleUniversityPresspp Cabarle B The timber trade search In O Hara J Timber Certification Implications Tropical Forest Management Conference ceedings February Yale School Forestry Environmental Studies Thompson D A Tropical Timber Certification market realities In O Hara J Timber Certification Implications Tropical Forest Management Conference proceedings February Yale School Forestry Environmental Studies Viana V Certification forest products catalyst change tropical forest management In O Hara J TimberCertification ImplicationsforTropicalForest Management Conference proceedings February Yale School Forestry Envi ronmental Studies Eisen M What marketers timber certification In O Hara J Timber Certification Implications Tropical Forest Management Conference proceedings ofFebruary5 YaleSchoolofForestryandEnvironmentalStudies Institute Current World Affairs INDIA TAMILNADU CMC Institute Current World Affairs Current Fellows their Activities Adam Smith Albion A former research associate Institute EastWest Studies Prague theCzechRepublic Adam isspendingtwoyearsstudyingandwritingaboutTurkeyandCentralAsia andtheirimportanceasactorstheMiddleEastandtheformerSoviet AHarvardgraduate History Adam completed first M Litt degree Russian East E uropean history languages Oxford University EUROPE RUSSIA Christopher P Ball An economist Chris Ball holds B A University Alabama Hunts ville attended International Summer School London School Economics He studied Hungarian years Budapest while serving Project Director Hungarian At lantic Council As Institute Fellow studying writing about Hungarian minorities Soviet nations Eastand Central Europe EUROPE RUSSIA Cynthia Caron With Masters degree Forest Science Yale School Forestry Envi ronment Cynthia spending years South Asia ICWA first John Miller Musser Memorial Forest Society Fellow She studying writing about impact forest preservation projects lives tenure indigenous peoples local farmers their fringes Her fellowship includes stays Bhutan India Sri Lanka SOUTH ASIA Forest Socie William F Foote Formerly financial analyst Lehman Brothers Emerging Markets Group Willy Foote examining economic substructure Mexico impact market reforms Mexico people society politics Willy holds Bachelor degree Yale University history Master London School Economics Development Economics Latin America Basque history San Sebastian Spain He carried intensive Spanish language studies Guatemala in1990andthenworkedasacopyeditorandReporterfortheBuenosAiresHera dfrom THEAMERICAS Sharon Griffin Afeature writer contributing columnist African affairs San Diego Union Tribune Sharon spending years southern Africa studying Zulu KwaZulu kingdom writing about nongovernmental organizations fulfillment centers national needs developing countries where governments still feeling their toward effective administration S AHARA John Harris A would lawyer undergraduate degree History University Chi John reverted international studies after internship product liability depart Chicago years postgraduate Russian University Washington Seattle Based Moscow during fellowship John studying writing about Russia nascent political parties begin difficult transition identities based sonalities their leaders positions based national international issues EUROPE RUSSIA PramilaJayapal Born India Pramila leftwhenshewasfourandwentthroughprimaryandsecon education Indonesia She graduated Georgetown University M B A Kellogg School Management Evanston Illinois She worked corporate analyst PaineWebber accounts manager world leading producer cardiac defib rillators recently million developing country revolving Pro Appropriate Technology Health PATH Seattle Pramila spending years India tracing roots studying social issues involving religion status women population AIDS SOUTHASIA John B Robinson A Harvard graduate certificate proficiency Institute KiSwahili Zanzibar Master Fine Arts Creative Writing Brown University Delphine French oceanographer spending years Madagascar their young Nicolas Rowland He writing about varied aspects island nation struggle survive industrial natural resource exploitation effects rapidly swelling population SAHARA TeresaC Yates AformermemberoftheAmerican Civil LibertiesUnion snationaltaskforceonthe workplace Teresa spending years South Africa observing reporting efforts Mandela government reform national tenure system A Vassar graduate juris doctorfrom University Cincinnati College ofLaw Teresahadan internship atthe Centre Applied Legal Studies Johannesburg studying feasibility including economic rights South African constitution SAHARA Institute Current World Affairs The Institute CurrentWorld Affairs 4WESTWHEELOCKSTREET HANOVER NEW HAMPSHIRE 03755 ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED Author Caron Cynthia M Title ICWA Letters South Asia ISSN Imprint Institute Current World Affairs Hanover NH Material Type Serial Language English Frequency Monthly Other Regions East Asia Mideast North Africa Europe Russia SubSaharan Africa The Americas Chosen basis character previous perience promise Institute Fellows young professionals funded spend years carrying designed programs study writing outside United States The Fellows required their findings experiences field month They write subject formally informally The result unique report analysis periodical assessment ternational events issues