© 2007 Institute of Current World Affairs
The Institute awards long-term fellowships to develop a deep understanding of an issue, country, or region outside the US and to share that understanding with a wider public.
Institute of Current World Affairs - Home Page

Below is a hobbled text version of a PDF document.
In order to read the actual document please click the link below and register if necessary.
(One-time registration is free and very quick.)
Read article

9/1/1964 - Citizens of a Superpower- special report by Carl M. Marcy

INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS CITIZENS OF A SUPERPOWER By Cari Marcy CITIZENS OF A SUPERPOWER I It Makes Difference The nation people which understands friends enemies itself nation conscious power limitations thereon nation conscious power limitations other nations which Such nation likely conduct itself encourage world munity develop pattern consistent needs deslres national interests It difficult democratic nation United States itself Its foreign policies written embodied Its policies evolve understanding support citizens In United States substantial proportion electorate support specific policies least oppose effective A Khrushchev Nasser Nkrumah Gaulle determine nation foreign policies Even these policies questioned instruments propaganda suasion exclusively hands central govern exercises decisive influence This American system In United States President conduct foreign relations United States nation prosperous peace The President limited ability discharge obligation however because United States countries world which ordinary citizen thinks about foreign policy significant The matter President experts agents determine substance direction American foreign policy Their views important always behind Executive Branch Government there shadow projected American people Every years judge President conduct foreign policy At frequent intervals citizens their views known through their representatives Congress The American people speak various voice authority unmistakable Their views difference Their representatives rejected League Nations They approved United Nations Marshall Plan Peace Corps clearly doubts about Aid programs recent years Instances which public attitudes restrained Executive goaded action numerous Each might subject separate study public attitudes formed influenced policy The listing establishes point however American public opinion extremely important influence President conduct foreign policy On subject peace example public tudes restrained President Roosevelt desire involve Unlted States deeply World War II prlor Pearl Harbor Ten years later President Truman United Nations commit United States forces action Korea scarcely dissenting voice Congress press Subsequently however Korean action became acceptable public opinion President Eisenhower campaigned promise would Korea clean which concluding truce North Korea President Johnson foresight Congressional stamp proval handling Gulf Tonkln incident while public opinion favorable On subject relations between United States Soviet Union public attitudes great significance Opposition limited nuclear treaty close convincing third Senate reject treaty Although treaty approved after prolonged vigor opposition flashed amber warning signal Washington those officials believed American interests might promoted moving rapidly toward closer relations USSR One opponents Treaty became Republican candidate President Opposition wheat Soviet Union decision taken Executive without public acceptability flashed warning New leadership relaxation trade restrictions Soviet Union expected American trading public rather Executive Branch George Kennan probably distinguished American authority Communism resigned United States Am bassador Yugoslavia because frustration described untenable hobbling operations Congress indecision Executive Branch which public support lacking United States foreign policies toward Soviet Bloc countries should flexible The Washington Post May Review Murray Marder George Kennan Dea ommun World Harper Row On subject admission Communist China United Nations concern likelihood strong negative public reaction restrains those elements Executive Branch which believe American foreign policy interests would moted bringing Chinese Communists United Nations Should American soldiers heavily engaged enemy Korean War anticipated large numbers American citizens insist nuclear weapons regardless views foreign policy experts oppose action foreign policy reasons In these instances involvement United States important relations foreign nations American public important instances decisive The attitudes citizens reflected Congress often determine relatively insignificant aspects foreign policy Secretary State Rusk recognized foreign policy recently expressed regret Congressional opposition persuaded Executive Branch plans assist Indian Government build Bokaro steel plant should dropped As consequence Secretary Rusk Soviet Union doing In opinion prevailing experts foreign policy would served American interests United States American engineers deeply involved steel industry India though steel plant state enterprise hence socialist But opinion Congressional representatives people inter preted Department State projected American state controlled steel plant proper expenditure reign funds United States Government The attitude American people expressed through their representatives Congress difference The policy United States build Bokaro steel plant policy experts wanted It policy which serve American interests But policy people least vocal groups thereof willing support The foreign policy nation broad terms policy proposed Executive experts tempered people their representatives Congress support The United States unique among nations because views American citizens greater immediate impact American foreign policy citizens practically other nation world This place consider whether whether Ameri parochial interest complicate unduly conduct policy whether there compensating advantages The point American citizens sometimes individuals often groups sometimes representatives geographi impact nation foreign policies This being might properly The since influence there since significant influence better intelli possible It should based reason facts emotion rumor After influence exercised amorphous American citizens influences policy powerful nation world As someone remarked Gaulle sneezes world catches United States sneezes world pneumonia It child majority thinking American public takes positions matters nuclear weapons expenditure large money foreign embership Communist China United Nations defense Berlin problems similar magnitude In total context international relations involving liter future mankind United States unite first because United States power important decisive action other nation second because United States directly influenced common American citizen other nation It argued naive believe phous American citizens effect foreign policy This American citizens thought commodity They For purposes analysis American citizens about foreign policy divided three general groups The first group citizens those suffer emotional collapse think about complexities foreign policy The world complicated experts Washington America They facts Let advise President All citizen support President Democrat Republican policies coincide those confused citizen The second group citizens those respond complexities world frustrated emotional sponse They power United States eminent Their first response reach Their answer complexities world power The third group citizens those uncriti cally accept judgment Executive other believe answer frustration power They accept responsibility citizenship think about nation power responsi bilities They subject proposals Executive analysis They consider whether particular situations require application power moderation knowing there occasions These citizens their vidual judgment based information based their powers reason faulty They experts fallible neces sarily citizen But these citizens accept basic concept democracy majority while always right likely right minority minority sometime become majority These citizens attempt their intelligence swing group which majority citizens other significant issues In United States foreign policy result strik balance between Executive Branch experts people support For reason important people support elections Citizens leave tough foreign policy decisions Executive dangerous citizens shoot Neither group thought trying decide would nation The citizen counts citizen himself positions takes Obviously divisions between these three groups distinct Probably every citizen himself third group though friends It third group which potentiality giving nation strong effective foreign policy permitting nation foreign policy wallow expert advice pieces emotional cross currents citizens enough their democracy think about How about thinking about foreign policy Espeelally citizen concerned making living information enough other presumptuous expressing views peace The answer believing little informa little thought capacity critical judgment better He reads varied sources permits He knows should realize significant developments world least mentioned press would probably startled government officials New York Times formation readily secret cable He tries critically sifting alleged facts opinion through He tries avoid becoming addicted newspaper magazine columnists their point The citizen capacity using critical facili starts realization columnist right bureaucrats boobs about communis ncessarily abOUt capitalism necessarily citizen Judgment necessarily right facts brains available But beyond development citizen critical lities constant search information there factors Americans should their opinions general specific issues foreign policy One factor simple recognition foreign policy issues different citizens other nations What vital interests United States trivial tizens another nation seems vital inconsequential Americans The citizen should decent respect opinions though differ A second factor considering policies United States product torical cultural environment which cannot escape The foreigner citizen nation whose government always changed result finds comment objectively assassination President Kennedy His background suggests almost automatically President political An additional factor especially When considering comments foreigners United States policies foreigners citizens superpower It questionable whether American citizen fully understand forces influence thinking citizens smaller powers those citizens fully understand attitudes Americans accept their status citizens superpower birth right After never known anything different The tragedy twentieth century could failure understand moment developed greatest physical capacity communicate destroy The least THE UNITED STATES SUPER SUPERPOWER Don Just stand there Do something The United States means different things different foreigners But point there almost unanimous agree The United States greatest power earth today The Soviet Union superpower United States super superpower Americans power granted They think about except Khrushchev blusters May Day Then wonder American defenses quate But foreigners tremendous respect military power United States economic power Americans frustrated Vietnam Cuba realize power imposes unpleasant restraints there foreign doubt whatsoever United States could sheer power alone liquidate communi military threat Vietnam Cuba matter Whether power would promote United States interests another One cliches United States leader world which thrust unwilling nation which assume burdens responsibilities leadership Whether cliche believed Americans nations their governments responsible citizens believe United States almost omnipotent power influence course international events Omni potence influence events Professor Denis Brogan suggested there doubt about American power Without getting statistical comparisons capita income quality armed forces should enough there adequate basis foreigners respect power United States A rough estimate United States contrast world found noting United States United Nations which assess based careful estimates capacity member states Within political framework United Nations always United States which significant A major international wrote Connor Cruise Brien known American Irishman preponderant American United Nations He describes large obvious pheno menon Conflicting Concepts United Nations The Twenty first Montague Burton Lecture Leeds University March The United States recognized world powerful state always advantage nation Power thing nation promote national interest Americans realize however power automatically promote national interest Mere power confer omnipotence Indeed power disadvantages It excites jealousy power invites coalitions neutralize attracts satel lites always admirable Superpower courages double standards African Asian state invasion Goa driving refugees country could U S imposes standards responsibility which powerful states accept themselves Power unmitigated advantage Uncritical belief Americans anything cause power enough nation great trouble Suppose United States issue ultimatum Castro Cuba United States would throw which could But would United States thereby increase decrease influ power elsewhere Latin America Af Asia Europe Power involves military power economic power Great power Judiciously likely successful great power nakedly exercised One might expect almost universal recognition power United States would American diplomacy The opposite often Thus incredible Americans there widespread belief abroad largely fault United States United States could America power great argument could direct economic political channels avoid possibility nuclear confrontation In preposterous nation strong United States preoccupied threat communism The United States seems frightened nation which produce enough people whose standards living behind those United States gests foreign critics American policy there something communism which haven detected Thus American power tends destroy credence nation concern threat communism Another consequence universal recognition power United States regardless wishes United States becomes involved virtually every inter national dispute Don Just stand there something challenge flung American ambassadors around world Ameri world troubles Amerlca troubles They complain Washington makes statements every issue They instances President might comment United States really particular dispute might ended because concern United States But world expects United States positions Furthermore parties particular disputes often insist United States involve itself disputes their The United States directly involved serious disputes between Indonesia Malaysia btween India Pakistan between Arab states Israel between Greece Turkey between African nationalists Southern Rhodesia South Africa Each party dispute believes United States should If United States refuses choose sides almost invariably draws parties Thus Greeks their friend Unite States deserted because United States automatically supported Greeks against Turks subject determination Cyprus There Amerlcan demon strations Athens The Turks other believe United States should support outright There NATO US demonstrations Ankara The Arabs United States creation Israel Israellsbelleve American United Arab Republlc strengthens trouble making propensities Nasser The Pakistanis believe United States power should force India surrender Kashmir But Indians believe American pressures Pakistan would bring nation senses African nationalists expect United States parade economic boycott South Africa state abandon racial policies And United States holds matter valid reason African nationalists doubt sincerity America support determination The white minorities Southern Rhodesia other believe African nationalism destroying economic growth Africa check United States Justice cause whlte minority To small power involved highly emotional dispute another expectation United States understand support The expectation somewhat valent feeling Lord But reason there doubt whether Lord taken sides first inclination disappointed party judgment simply denounce Lord In these disputes emotions usually aroused rational settlement virtually impossible The Arabs would prefer dominated communism jected Israeli domination Pakistan prefer communism Hinduism India The United States superpower expected however sides It finds itself unenviable position being receiving change charge If against International honest brokerage disputes neither honored respected parties If anything parties these disputes likely conclude American policy alignment between disputants hides Machiavellian scheme great power politics conceived serve lobby capitalist interest United States Protestation innocence design except peaceful settlement hardly believed either party A related consequence being great power hence involved disputes whether United States wishes involved United States takes position except which recognizes right United States simply encourages parties together peaceful adjustment their differences likely accused parties being indecisive lacking principle Even observers parties dispute likely charge United States indeclsive They What United States stand They often complain United States clear positions disputes disputants communist other tends liberal perhaps communist Of course there plenty reasons United States disputes It ontlnue friends parties there American inter involved which overriding concern United States local disputes simply troublesome The United States example interested preserving NATO taking sides dispute between NATO countries Greece Turkey issue Cyprus United States concerned Chinese Soviet threat continent Asia taking sides Indian Pakistanl issue Kashmir United States concerned communist penetration Africa taking sides disputes between African nationalists white minori Africa Middle East United States concerned maintaining stability critical judging issues between Arabs Israel What viewed indecisiveness United States nothing consequence United States world power interests which greater importance national interests regional powers In light feeling United States tends indecisive taking positions disputes between other states except issue communism clearly raised whether great power United States afford opinions these issues burning importa participants Is there principle which guides America except expediency Are equities disputes discussed above evenlybalanced scales weigh other Consider example principle might practice The United States advocated determination If overriding principle guide United States position which might speci issues would dispute between Tur Greece Cyprus Would practicable interests United States insist future Cyprus should determined citizens Cyprus cising choice whether should remain pendent affiliate Greece affiliate Turkey In likelihood people CyDrus would choose Join Greece What consequences For thing United States would necessary abandon principle involv protection Turk minority Cyprus A decision principle determination dominant would involve tacit rejection treaty rights which Turks acquired Cyprus attained independence Finally Turks decided issue abandonment Turkis minority mercies Greek Cypriot majority might force protect Turks living Cyprus This would raise United States question whether would necessary force resist Turkish attack Greece And would happen NATO bases Turkey event Or consider applying principle determination dispute between Arabs Israeli If Middle East considered decision Arabs their dealings Israeliswould prevail since Jews outnumbered eight But principle determination applied within boundaries existing states principle determination would solve dispute Application principle determination dispute between India Pakistan future Kashmir might felicitous results although would dangerous Suppose United States refused military economic assistance either parties until people Kashmir United Nations super vised plebiscite whether wished independent Pakistan India The likelihood people Kashmir would Pakistan although foregone conclusion What consequences India would probably Soviet Union friendship The United States would surely accused Indians supporting theocratic state might itself responsible religious riots which would surely place India It seems doubtful outright application principle determination would bring peace subcontinent Application principle determination tragic troubles Africa between white minorities African nationalists raises question United States would principle given service Would Unit States economic boycott South Africa Southern Rhodesia unless those states agreed establish governments character And successful would assure determination might instead party government developing other African states And would happen economic interests political rights white minority Might those interests abandoned principle determination oppression minority might substituted oppression white minority oppression colored majority There great difference between preaching practicing It thing enunciate principle determination ciple adopted practiced without creating other situations which damaging their effect continue existing inequities slowly carefully proceed toward principle It reasonably clear however superpower counsel moderation emotional disputes often lightning dawing condemnation parties dispute The inability failure United States sides these issues loses friends without influencing anyone Sometimes because United States issues larger context least different context partisan disputants nation manages enemies instead Is nation naive because fails sides Might better decisive possibly wrong indecisive moderate without significant influence friends As prominent Pakistani suggested nation friends often United States fails distinguish between friends enemies By siding India Pakistan thought United States Kashmir dispute Americans chosen dirty water instead small clean water Perhaps American dilemma observing depends water small clean useful washing dirty camel Another consequence American power every failure nation scrutinized inter national political implications The movements United States military forces often given significance Occasionally political developments countries attributed American representatives agents Central Intelligence Agency In Far East deployment units Seventh Fleet politically newsworthy nations stretching Arctic Indian Ocean The respect Sixth Fleet Mediterranean It denied movements military forces United Stat sionally dictated international political conditions The point regardless American political motivation thereof overwhelming power United States subjects American military activities interpretations always contemplated originators actions Ameri power therefore calls unusual degree sophisti cation powerful state might deploy military forces little considera international political consequences activi As Central Intelligence Agency existence intelligence agency superpower invites credit virtually every unusual inexplicable power politics foreign nations This especially governments overthrown replaced regimes favorably disposed toward West The overthrow Diem Government South Vietnam attributed Central Intellig Agency large influential elements Asia Africa Despite Washington denials involvement shudder concern through Asia Africa where supporters certain regimes especially friendly United States inferred happened Diem could happen their leaders Many sophisticated Asians Africans linked overthrow Diem attributed C I A assassina President Kennedy attributed radical right their warped experience concluded Ameri morality which flaunted world farce These events falsely interpreted though damage moral image United States Soviet agricultural failures image Soviet productive might Recent American publications allegedly exposing activities Central Intelligence Agency required popular reading heads state Africa Asia The minds readers books already ditioned believe worst exposures already conditioned believe finding Warren Commission should c0nlude Kennedy assassina single deranged American political elections scrutinized fully those nearly other nation They close reporting editorial comment abroad This consequences being superpower having society Everything shows everything creditable subject comment foreign critics friendly unfriendly American citizens bristle foreigners express preferences results Ameri elections complain elections matters domestic concern United States manage domestic problems without advice abroad Enough bristling Americans critics But foreigners interested American elections beneficiaries victims those elections While German Frenchman Chinese Russian cannet American election blown result American action directly traceable results The United States world today citizens important knowledab foreigner remain unconcerned about American elections His judgment quiet because influence results heart remain neutral Ask tolls tolls Americans learn their power accepting advantages disadvantages The price often Americans themselves involved conflicts against their They their motives questioned They themselves damned damned When America stumbles there cheers Americans because their wealth affluence power targets governments peoples fortunate states At because America wealth power other states peoples believe American And tragic ironies situation American system succeeds producing wealth power greater demands wealth shared power curtailed Added these unpleasant burdens power jealousies which power incites United States finds bears special responsibilities maintenance peace presence justice development being And there instability danger develop United States likely carries blame conditions Perhaps greatest price power onsibility moderation The United States Government subjected constant pressures abroad power influence another emotional inter national issues When United States counsels moderation settlement political disputes emotionally involved tisans expected accuse United States principle United States imposes economic conditions programs expected charged attempt impose economic system other nations price Although United States credit blame omnipotence which exceeds capacity influence inter national events labors under world scrutiny equalled directed Soviet Union But United States contrast Soviet Union policies subjected constant world criticism comment This exposes Unite States charges constancy policy burdens nation special responsibilities foreign policies handed consistent world basis The responsibilities United States superpower devolve individual citizens nation It enough democratic nation President Secretary State understand power nation limitations burdens power They influence cannot control response individual citizens For reason essential American citizen carry burden responsibility which power imposed nation Oh power giftie To oursels others Robert Burns It possible there nothing wrong American foreign policy It nation doing government democracy calibre citizens liticians civil servants But there dissatisfied Americans large number unhappy foreigners It helpful examine things foreigners think wrong American foreign policy because Americans should tailor their policies please foreigners because foreign United States policy revealing Americans American foreign policy broadest sense total national effort influence people nations under control United States conduct themselves minimum damage American preferably promote American foreign policy therefore conveys other peoples nations image United States The American citizen better understand nation doing attempting promote world compatible American interests himself through emotions those receiving United States policy This foreigner better perspective United States policies clealy fferent perspective illustrated African summed United States place money problem A claim Africans Asians understand Europeans Americans better versa This shock colonial types Africans Asians worked close itimacy Westerners their families They cooked driven nursed children acquired smattering Western languages heard family quarrels laundry They often educated Europe circulated European society How Europeans Americans intimately exposed Asian African society And since Europeans Americans reason lieve complete understanding Asian African concepts national pride personal motivations individuals Foreign critics insight American motiva tions policy which Americans themselves possess And insight experience based familiar Western customs which better based superficially believe If Americans understand appear different perspective should better effectiveness their foreign Friendly foreign critics United States foreign policy object American policies purpose promoting American interests They expect They instances which foreign policy inter their nations those United States coincide But conversations critics United States policy almost invariably first complaint heard United States policy communist oriented while clear United States against clear United States The second almost universal criticism United Stat constantly enunciates moral generalities doesn practice preaches As consequence critics theowof United States unsure where United States headed Whether these criticisms soundly based troublesome thing exist among large numbers friendly observers throughout world There either failure communication between United States mankind America foreign policies require examination further clarification Anti Communism Foreigners Americans against commuim Id friendly critics believe Americans hypnotized As Arab sheik remarked We Arabs complex about Israel Americans complex about Communism It common America world through Moscow The United States believed determines policies respect United Nations other states effect those policies combating communism As prominent radical African politician The United States because United States wants communist The motives Russians Chinese They United States simply indepen False accusation Africans Asians Europeans believe basic reason United States interested their needed defeat communism It startling example foreigners uaderstand attitude United States toward Cuba Castro communism Cuba mesmerized United States They difficult understand American occupation Cast could wiped moment American power seems somehow threaten great American nation There something Castroism communism United States concerned American concern Cuba given nation world image totally proportion importance As knowledge African remarked American concern about Cuba Castro dominant image Americas Very Africans Asians realize dinky little place Cuba They think there significant nations Western Hemisphere United States Cuba And belligerent cynical India commented The American posture toward Cuba hurting The U S credit using force Look Goa Russians Hungary world already forgotten Presumably American concern communism Cuba which makes state large foreign policy problem There widespread underst anding approval forthright challenge United States establishment Soviet missile bases Cuba because missiles communist because represented great power challenge United States Since removal threat there little understanding apparent which Castro irritate United States Castro Cuba recognized power threat United States there little comprehension brand communism seriously threate United States significant Latin America where American influence dominant American programs frequently cited evidence communism dominates American foreign policy thinking A common statement newer nations neutral itaeven threatened communism It doesn West There spread belief Asia Africa American threatened danger communist attack subversion Thailand South Korea South Vietnam Laos cited examples If under attack communist forces American Soviet Union threaten unless additional forthcoming United States India Indonesia U A R Ghana cited examples technique The token American internal stability government which encourages private enterprise Malaysia Lebanon Nigeria cited examples Of course oversimplification American programs There valid reasons distinguishing between changes constantly being Foreign observers however understaod those distinctions They assume rightly basic American policy encourage develo pment nations United States policy those countries believe private enterprise elections But sufficient evidence American positive encour nations political economic directions patible interests United States They United States interested emphasizing about communism socialism fails emphasize about enterprise America preoccupation communism robbing United States ideological moral ership which exerted The dedication missionaries concepts individual freedom justice democracy given materialism communism Aid money airports highways forgotten worked communists doing The positive constructive leadership which United States should exert nations toward greater freedom because America emphasis against communism freedom You violently against communism struggle remarked Arab attention against communism Iraq We African students Soviet Union their The United States should students Soviet communist This communist image which United States carries heavy burden Her friends disturbed existence enemies encourage belief communism positive foreigz policy American society produce Practice What You Preach Friendly foreign critics littler generalities American foreign policy They heard times United Nations cornerstone American foreign policy United States against subversion freedom supports Atlantic Community favors political integra Western Europe supports German unificatlon elections favor determlnation every where So The trouble arises practices United States specific situations measured against general principles often enunciated Critics believe United States thing another talks principle expediently This dilemmas American foreign policy Things different depending viewpoint One remainded story three blind phant Each described elephant differently thought another third Their points their experiences different The United States world power believes whole elephant wherea other powers regional interests elephant Serious misunderstandings arise unless Americans understand their critics elephant allowances sibility Similarly foreign critics should aware problems which comment greater signi ficance viewed larger context But aware exists there undoubtedly frustration being small state What ourselves asked African states Raise That about It already noted principle deter mination abstract principle sounds But principle examined specific situations viewed world context contrast regional context serious problems arise Perhaps always possible practice world basis preaches specific situations Consider example Asian If United States determinatlon Asia Latin America United States finds itself often identified military regimes dictatorships infrequently volution change One answer there choice The derly disciplined educated groups these tries military communists They represent extremes right Neither would freely chosen govern relatively unorganized moderates middle neither dictatorship right Yet moderate group which United States wants support What frequently happens however moderate middle government temperate erant character unable pressures running state It breaks Waiting anized disciplined relatively educated minority cadres right Generally finds Communist success fully organized capable controlling leftist cadres Western powers important training supplying military forces these countries So moderation breaks choice between minority organized extremists It circumstances which force United States toward support military regimes instead disciplined cadres which strongly nationalist which shown marked inability resist communist penetration control The American policy abandon moderate regime support military regime lesser evils military regimes likely communist regimes course consent elections return popularly chosen governments There number examples military gimes turned their power popularly elected government whereas there examples communist regimes entrusting their elections It history revolution period number sovereign states doubled United States struggled promote moderation foreign governments failed The struggles power within these states their nationalism created classes power alignments condemned moderation Just easier preach determlnation practice other American policies As matter principle United States favor freer international trade But Japanese point United States quick bring official unofficial pressure restrict Japanese exports United States Amer business The observer country relies largely single commodity coffe cocoa rubber heartily endorses policy trade finds practical matter prices export commodities unstable nation earnings difficult purchase abroad nation instead trade And these nations demand fixed stable prices materials industrial countries likely complain restrictions trade The United States sells wheat Soviet Union objects Japan selling steel Communist China British selling buses Cuba The United States objects Pakistan rapprochement Communist China gives increasing amounts India which receiving military econo assistance Soviet Union Instances common While apparent inconsistencies reconciled finely drawn explanations thing which sticks foreign observer apparent inconsistency elaborate explanation One consequences being superpower express views variety propositions Often opinions delivered abstract generalities Then comes apply principle specific found there other factors considered It which leaves American foreign policies often charge based principle policies expediency Many Voices Confuse Much foreigners confusion about American fbreign policy traceable unfamiliarity American government inability prehend fully freedom press opinion which exist United States There strong feelings American foreign policy lacks stability America brink Dulles years later Khrushchev As Paris Le Monde wrote Senator Goldwater nominated President His nomination weighty argument those belleve President Gaulle Europe could place destinies entirely hands protector whose intentions excellent today change tomorrow Quoted Herald Tribune_ Paris Edition July The American foreign policy pretty steadfast since War stable policies other countries including France But there doubt American society American government created impression abroad instability there widespread belief basic policies changed overnight Europeans recall unexpected withdrawal United States Wilsonian internationalism lationism A survey world press during Eisenhower Stevenson campaign shows there concern election Republican President though admired leader Allied forces would probably inaugurate changes foreign policy nation The fears Justified Similar fears common today during Johnson Goldwater contest One characteristic American government which contributes other belief American foreign policy unstable freedom frequency which American politicians express themselves controversial foreign policy subjects Foreigners generally understand Ameri politicians bound agree their party leaders The difference attitude quite clear years distinguished Senator called European Prime Minister It Republican major leader Senate Senator Knowland important foreign policy issue Republican President President Eisenhower The European Prime Minister couldn understand party leader Congress could President party He blurte I understand President Eisenhower doesn Senator Know Republican Party A great foreign governments patterned parliamentary system government The party coalition parties which controls Executive Branch these ernments determines foreign policy those nations Party discipline keeps party members either policy quiet Party members support party decisions They except limited sense represent parochial consti tuency hinterlands In United States situation different Party discipline important determining member Congress views constitu personal views Many vigorous critics foreign policies proposed President members party Many supporters found party opposition Small wonder there confusion abroad President signs nuclear treaty opposition comes members party In parliamentary system Prime Minister party colleagues speak support But United States necessarily usually Occasionally foreign press reports spokesman Administration speech which labelled trial balloon President The matter alleged spokesman usually doing flying There little doubt American system separation powers party discipline creates impression disorder average foreign observer He object disorder But facts stand First system survived years making oldest continuous constitutional systems government world served American people Second system likely changed substantially lifetime This another system government might served United States better changes would improve system The point energies American people should towsrd making their system better foreign policy problems The energies foreign observers might better directed understanding Ameri system fully enabling appraise accurately voices America proper weight Foreigners often confused voices Ameri press comments foreign critics reflect More known about United States other country world The gathering business being means specta cular unusual frequently disparaging events place United States reported abroad other country Furthermore while other world countries gathering organizations which subject governmental control gathering countries se_verely limited Unfortunately there trend newer countries create their services placing under government control passed their citizens The foreign critics perspective directly affected American press whose freedom often fails understand especially experience press The Soviet citizen example almost daily vicious American cartoons government controlled press He assumes similar emanations abroad cartoons press reports which controlled press chooses reflect attitude American government Even countries Asia Africa American traveller constantly accosted friendly critics complain irresponsibility A merican press American motion picture industry They cannot comprehend United States government permits export magazines films which often depict decaden American In early America largest weekly magazines large section problems United States So America reaction foreign critics The explanations United States Information Agency press society press damage American image created story American It inevitable Government voice compete voices citizens America press politicians citizens speaking group individuals Perhaps respects unfortunate voice America often confused difficult cacophony distinguish theme But there distinguishable strong The Machiavellian View American Foreign Policy Some foreign oberves temped Machiavellian purposes foreign policy United States Such attitude conspiratorial minded leaders communist states expected But stressing attitude among observers neutral allied countries Broadly speaking these observers search American motives together elements discussed earlier They start understanding power United States They America occupation communism propensity moralization seeming failure practice preaches voices United States And finally total these factors computer which account differences between American system separation powers loose party discipline their parliamentary system power focused isciplined organized political party Out welter diversity America welter which American system managed tolerably foreign observers Machiavellian patterns particular prejudice Any nation which develops foreign policies diversities society United States provides handles critics grasp The United States large organized vocal Jewish constituency example gives Arab states oppor tunity allege American policy which agree stimulated pressure Jewish stituency This charge whether The United States stood against Israeli British French their attack Suez Canal dismissed temporary aberration Within Arab States there strong feeling Machiavellian which American foreign polic something developed after World War I Thus Arabs frequently recall United States isolationist Americans Middle East educators missionaries imperialists British French But changed The United States viewed imperialist power supporting Israels their alleged attempts expand their power influence Arab world It during period America isolation world admired She significant foreign interests protect except those represented missionaries foundations limited American business interests mostly Latin America The United States refuge oppressed To place which women could baffled involvement their nations preparation To others opportunity It place where could abilities The United States admired because strong because isolated place freedom Today American power great motives often suspected American prestige because isola because power People United States place place which either winning which support essential victory their cause whatever While atSractions wealth freedom still exist world recurrent crisis appeal United States largely appeal power which command respect necessarily admiration The United States abandonment isolation increment power finds foreign policies become suspect matter Generally believe powerful motives matter American people believe This burden which American foreign policy today carry Consider again foreign Some recipients United States foreign believe preamble Act International Development which stresses highest moral vations American states American assistance purpose assuring independence recipient states encouraging development political economic systems compatible those United States By large American viewed widespread cynicism pients believe nobody gives nothing Therefore American selfish Machiavellian purpose Very recipients believe provided because general concept healthy states likely stable United States would world independent states others throats Very recipients believe United States headed naive provides expectation return As practical matter motives United States programs mixed mixed would motives other developed nations extending United States motives mixed because proposals Executive Branch changed legislative process amendments offered approved which Executive corrupt motivation original proposal United States bills supported mixture interest groups ranging those motivated missionary complex those interested promoting export anything comic books bulldozers If follows carefully legislative course bills understand cynicism abroad about United States programs A critical editor Pakistan marked Developing countries little differ between fashioned erialism American Ameri missions acquire power influence enough overthrow governments United States doesn What difference between fashioned imperialism We little difference reason Communists successfully brand United States colonial power It small wonder America troublesome clients When cannot seriously lieve United States would extend foreign unless direct interests United States readily accept concept mutually advantag The attitude their nationalism permit survive something which rightfully entitled because their previous exploitation developed nations If matter right because previous ploit ation likely playing great power blocs against other In either event received countries believing entitled either payment exploitation consequence their carefully contrived neutrality insist theirs without conditions Americans citizens would contemplate impact abroad their foreign policy realize matter believe their motives matter sincere their intention promote development independence recipients suspect ulterior motiva tions respects right At American isolation during period relative weakness American concern problems other nations relatively disinterested But United States always considered interested party foreigners likely What Un States And there among citizens though doubtless minority spend their money nothing One consequences eminent United States world looked statement stands The United States produced credo world Instead single clear understand world Americans would built America image abroad bundle miscellaneous impressions ranging those created latest Hollywood production contradictory impressions attributable tragic death President Kennedy Americans realize their national strength diversity They understand right dissatisfied politician publisher citizen speak They understand eneralities sometimes expediency But total impact American society projects itself abroad field foreign policy commend itself highly either friend Perhaps result newness United States world power perhaps United States power which dropped nuclear weapon certalnly consequence diversity American society which unique perhaps foreigners United States would themselves great power expect suspicion activities motives All these things createdoubt among foreigners reliability United States great power I United States stands common reaction foreigners interest United States world It ineffective answer general terms United Nations Charter forth goals aspirations United States refer President Kennedy Inaugural Address although comes about close document definition American stands recognizable nationals other states America badly needs political philosopher produce American creed twentieth century What world would Americrs First world nations decide itself questions United Nations system nation believes serve interests people political system desires itself Much Americans dislike dictatorshlps military Juntas party states communist systems government there little evidence American people absence other factors referred below would either military economic means substitute American Judgment people foreign state freely chosen different rnment economic system succumbed internal imposition system Second although denying intent overthrow foreign governments economic systems Americasnevertheless believe certain principles economic political ferable belng people United States other nations Generally believe welfare reatest number people within state moted giving individual women widest possible personal scope choice their governors their choice means livelihood Americans believe tical economic freedom produce greatest greatest number shortest period Finally Just Americans military means substitute their Judgment people other nations chosen imposed inter nally forms government economic Americans willing stand Idly aside other nations aggression change governments economic systems other states It basis United States seeks peaceful means collaboration states requesting assistance prevent export economic politicalstems state another It basis United States accept efforts Castro regime dissident elements within Latin Ameri states which request United States assistance prevent activities It basis United States cannot condone efforts North Vietnam substitute concepts economic political South Vietnam government country requests American assistance This broad framework within which credo ideology America An ideology combination things It concept place individual concept place state society relationship between standards Justice euity freedom choose standards relationship commonweal state world Somehow United States captured power leadership world ideological leadership The potential acquiring ideological leadership America presence recognized foreigners former Indian Ambassador United States G L Mehta Rotary Club Bombay What important national development merely gross national product gross national It possible overwhelmed America material advancement dynamic economy But below sound dollar still small voice idealism America It sacrifice Abraham Lincoln humanism Thomas Jefferson social discipl emphasized Franklin Roosevelt insights endeavors thinkers selfless action whether realm science religion inspires America It spirit kindles their phenomen generosity enables burdens massive assistance lands If materialism whether capital Marxist defeated amassing personal fortunes producing fearfully destructive weapons purposes ideals which America richly contributed struggle freedom human dignity social Justice Address delivered Bombay Rotary Club July G L Mehta former Indian Ambassador United States All world queer little queer The story cross gentlemen American other foreigner accidentally bumped other As picke themselves American Why where going To which foreigner replied Why where lookingo The pages examined American foreign policy looks others recognizing foreigner Ameri policy distorted doesn doesn think about The following paragraphs examine American nation policy foreigners Ameri recognizing American distorted doesn doesn think about Before inquiring Americans foreigners there several characteristics which Americans readily recog their which undoubtedly affect American attitudes toward world For thing America nation impatient problem solvers If something wrong Americans manana When their leaders problems Southeast Asia underdeveloped world years Americans tendency things happen years which years accomplish United States Americans adrena tropics Another American characteristic think troubles solved money It billio Western Europe after War years How going concerns nations It difficult realize methods which worked Western Europe where money equipment transfusions adequate might patient Asia Africa where there veins absorb transfusion Americans tendency problems terms lutes The actions other states They accept standards world society varied there universal cepts The Am erican doing things United States necessarily completely different society Closely associated tendency problems terms blacks whites matter style Americans convey their views Americans blunt forthright people think An American would foreigner No Don A Britisher would comment I funeral We wouldn The difference matter style substance Americans often critical exasperated apparent irresponsibilities newer states their leaders Americans recognize states struggling morass political economic trouble under stand under those circumstances these states money waste They build capitols erect national monuments build massive sports stadiums establish national lines purchase latest large embassies abroad They insist their right their mistakes often expense developed nations which putting money This exasperating Americans least What Americans forget however their pains national growth Americans critical Brazilians Pakistanis expensive construction capital cities forget United States young nation abandoned Philadelphia create capital swamp lands Potomac River Americans critical nations Indonesia Ghana endowing their first national leaders office forget there strong movement General Washington King United States judgment which established tradition Monuments national leaders newer countries remind Wash ington Monum which expensive consuming build The citizens developed stable nation United States understand priorities people nation While American might believe water sanitary system Djakarta should first priority Indonesia Indonesian interested building modern hotel super highway sports stadium capable providing facilities Asian Games An Ameri likely Ghana wasting money creates international whose planes often empty which heavy burden strained budget But Ghanaian facility seems essential ingredient independence statehood Americans likely critical disorder violence which often accompany creation states The birth African Asian states consuming turbulent occasionally bloody But Americans forget thirteen years elasped between Declaration Independence inauguration United States Constitution which promptly amended inclusion Bill Rights Americans offended Indians Goa Portuguese forgotten activities earlier Americans rounded borders United States Mexicans acquired Canal rights Panama encouraging revolution Americans critical blood African Asian states struggling establish stability prone forget their Civil War The growing pains United States extended hundred years period world history United States isolated world American development place virtually uninhabited continent separated weeks travel great powers which might otherwise vastly interested going United State The nations Africa Asia which today their growing pains spread world press twenty years They within hours flying place earth They subjected normal pressures growth development within their borders vital interest great powers locked inideological struggles easily precipitate brush threaten break large scale military confrontations These nations often control vital sources materials important munications routes They recognized large potential markets Politically significant because numerous their votes important influence voting United Nations Many states homogen states Western Europe America Just because Africans black doesn speak language customs worship white Euro peans North Americans homogeneous these respects Euro states boundaries which generally follow ethnic lingual lines Most states however especially those Africa exist within their present boundaries simply because defined political economic purpose fancied former colonial power When colonial powers dominant within these artificial entities particular difference borders through tribal areas tribes strong along together But colonial domination removed government became significant indepen dence states homogeneity became terribly important Trouble brewed quickly unifying force colonial master removed tribal loyalties seemed important national loyalties The colonial powers force imposed least semblance national identity other purpose issuing stamps drawing boundaries arranging customs areas But power withdrawn states discovered national identity They merely group tribes One serious consequence creating independent states former colonial domains native inheritors colonial power found their pressing create sense national identity In greater lesser degree problem exists states Perhaps comprehension which citizen developed country problems nation enhanced thinking development stages growth which comes cannot skipped It doubtful example nation substantial degree economic growth primitive political institutions until people nation achieved sense tical identity consciousness This nations especially Africa In countries Africa example citizen asked nationality likely respond naming tribe In Indonesia within consider themselves Indonesians rather Balinese Java Sumatrans In Malaysia citizens selves Malays Chinese Indians Some newer African states national until given indep endence Who names Mali Malagasy Upper Volta Malawi This point should dismissed lightly Americans through growth process They potential national development until citizens began think selves first Americans second New Yorkers Virginians Swedes Germans Italians Over period years after civil Americans today clear strong entity Now while Americans argue about further centration power Washington states rights vigorous protagonists think themselves Americans first Californians Georgians New nations order develop fledged members international community apparently proceed through certain steps political growth Mr Walt Rostow Chairman Policy Planning Staff Department State described means which nations stage economic development The problem bringing nations fully international community however involves economic development These states acquire reasonably stable political institutions As through these stages political development period chaos tribal other rivalries dictatorship individuals groups hopefully ultimately achieve degree tical stability which ubstantial account views individual citizens society It suggested political progression necessarily orderly states experience these steps before moving In history likely fifty states being since World War II primitive stage political development The people these states exceptions tribally geographically oriented Their first instincts nationalism identify themselves their tribal group rather nation Thus continent Africa which common problems likely fragment before headway toward relatively simple concepts common market Despite massive common about Africans agree moment United Nations limited number issues It years before practical progress toward meaningful regional community represented Europe NATO Common Market As states through process political economic development citizens developed world expect traumatic shocks It build nation cellany tribes cultures which happen thrown together independence movements twentieth century For thing citizens developed ations should realize membership United Nations concept state states equal There course differ ences population power But there differ ences political maturity political responsibilities governmental institutions states While states institutions similar names parliament courts cabinet police force institutions dissimilar those names other countries cause confusion This admonition citizens enroll advanced courses comparative political institu tions It caveat exercise interpretation events nations avoid misunderstanding which arise familiar words which describe institutions which quite different those which exist developed world One thing often shocks Americans character leadership states On basis exper ience despite unhappiness leaders tempted offer proposition spectacular irresponsible leaders these states appear Americans likely these states establish national identity Sukarno Nasser Ayub Khan Nkrumah virtual dictators substantial headway toward creating national Wnile Western nations including United States managed brand these leaders irresponsible demagogic wicked another their capacity generate national spirit identity increased about mature states West Yet managed control their states develop domes tically internationally significant national identities Often attention their citizens local economic political problems focusing attention international scene They played East against West their national interests foremost Each these leaders capacity people necessarily because political sophistication neces raise question exist these states The leader capacity nation toward national independence people sense national identity however necessarily capacities quired promote development state There glamour about struggle independence which elicits sacrifice But point states their leaders shift gears They track start climb hills And going often steep muddY One sometimes tempted think national leader Sukarno would sport fisherman finds greatest personal satisfaction catching hates clean As Americans contemplate their their nation modern world should realize standards contemporary America Western Europe almost impossible application Asia Africa Latin America This especially respect states world which existence since World War II which ommand majority votes United Nations Americans stability nations nations change revolution Americans sensible growth nations national identity which think important Americans would states cerned about individuals their rights newer states interested society whole individual Americans believe private enterprise promotes rapid growth states suspicious private entreprise which colonies The United States opposed dictatorships encourages elections newer states welcome dictators their Americans think recipients should grateful underdeveloped states believe developed world Americans opposed corruption newer states corruption baksheesh normal tipping Waldorf West Americans states avoid mistakes development newer states demand right their mistakes experience The United States wants states worried about dangers their independence stemming communism states still worried about imper ialism which unconcerned about communism which The United States seeks constantly nations international problems world sceoe interested their regional problems The United States nations involved principle least problems great power relationships newer states alone United States centuries These shorthand allegations basic differences attitude between citizens statesmen developed world those underdeveloped world Obviously people developed world desires motivations people underdeveloped world Neither people statesmen newer states ignorant points developed states Nevertheless differences attitude common widely would dangerous misleading assume these differences exist Perhaps detailed examination differences attitude would helpful Freedom Individual Raking American system0T thecbncpt freedom indivi Although freedom always limited police power state general Americans among individuals world They freedom movement expression freedom association freedom election freedom choose their professions their businesses Americans would states concerned about indivi citizens their basic rights In words cated Indonesian nationalist however Individual freedom means climbing bodies other people The individuals society freedom members colonial society We interested If encouraged individual would encouraging disorder Individual freedom remains newer societies A nation resources before indivi freedoms become significant In African society where there shortage engineers doctors trained government expense The government which provides training restrains freedom trainees insisting their training service state This somewhat similar situation which exists United States trains officers military academies requires devote several years service United States In country shortages trained manpowe state cannot afford freedom individual permit choose where practice profession Much situation exists nation shortages foreign currency which things abroad If enough currency foreign automobile wishes society government would interfere spending money wishes But effect exercising individual freedom state would limit foreign currency available society educate youth abroad acquire basic indus trial equipment spend limited funds other would serve total national interest direct would individual permitted spend funds might American standards individual freedom applicable these nations until acquired sufficient resources freedoms signi ficant Free Enterprise_ Closely associated value which Americans place concept freedom individual belief rapid development states would devoted concepts enterprise private enterprise capitalism enlightened capitalism whatever wishes American economic system Americans believe their experience seems prove provide greatest number people shortest period encourage enterprise discourage socialism True newer states majority their statesmen another exploited capitalism enlightened forms either capitalism colonial entrepreneurs their brand robber barons They To citizens newer states prise means imperialism imperialism means right exploit another Free enterprise their imperialism imperialism They against Indeed experienced exploitation imperialism experienced ploitatio communism Another burden under which concepts enterprise capitalism labor these viewed nationalist words There nineteenth century words closely associated private enterprise capitalism nationalism States strong national pride national consciousness protected their private entrepreneurs wherever The British fleet Americans Marines The colonization Africa French Germans British expression nationalism those colonial states Their nationalism demanded follow cases precede private entrepreneur Sizce World War If however nationalism appro priated newer states economic concept associated nationalism longer capitalism social A state desires develop national identity acquiring means production Its nationalism orients toward socialism These states believe toward rapid economic develop state basic means production The newer states equate nationalism which essentially political concept socialism which essentially nomic concept In newer states individual nationalist socialist finds nationalist capitalist The problem created developed states situa complicated finding capitalism enterprise These words already unpopular definitions enlightening propagamda redefine The socialism popular destroyed Per thing could happen would these words which different meanings virtually useless Americans capital longer means early century exploitation labor child labor monopoly getting richer getting poorer The about socialism It multitude including differing social systems Hitler world Socialist title National Socialist Party Nazis should confused Sweden Sweden confused Union Soviet Socialist Republics Despite generally accepted definition socialist means popular newer countries One reasons popularity former colonial powers United States constantly attacking They object anything called socialism minds citizens newer states criticism implies rejection their nationalism Their idependence demands independent different One ironies decades development faced nations their nationalism strong their desire separate national identity demands satisfaction depend outside sources assistance At independent foreign influence accept foreign survive Yet states provide significant material states whose development attributable enterprise still believe enterprise perhaps modifications still basis rapid widespread economic development possible under socialist patter One useful things could writers public figures countries where subject economic development concern would avoid words socialism capitalism Instead those words country needs economic development would helpful discuss happens The question whether capitalism better socialism versa The question should particular country society about creating greatest wealth largest number citizens shortest period Americans should realize however while question concern citizens developing countries large inclination answer question cliche rather thoughtful aalysis Eve those instances analysis suggest growth might rapidly state operatlons likely economic ctors drive nationalism demand government vested bureaucratic interests influence which efficiency gives expediency Sta I Dtegrity Doubl Standards Americans impressed concepts stability integrity But people underdeveloped countries interested either stability integrity They change revolu tionary break As revolutionary remarked haves stability nothing change violence Stability resents acceptance existing which changed perhaps evolutionary processes But revolu tionary often feels fields thoroughly plowed before planted He wrong doesn While corruption exists sometimes unpleasant scale United States exception In newer untries however conditions exist which citizens those countries accept normal which Americans would corruption Probably Westerner fully understands concept baksheesh The beggar demands baksheesh demands matter right He asking The baksheesh fortunate fellow whether beggars street repairmen servants expect special payments times bonus quite because bonus voluntary donor In Asia Africa special lationship family sometimes tribe If government fortune family tribe After making appropriate payment individual helped obligations family usually extended family which dozens hundreds numbers If house provided government family right employed table travel government Since member family government Job special members family tribe giving special government favors preferences Nepotism viewed questionable practice western democratic societies But Asia Africa turns family engaging nepotism scoundrel Other practices which westerners distaste accepted normal these countries For example political parties often supported kickbacks government contracts outright business political subsidies which favors This occurs western societies course viewed highly improper rather normal necessary These things described because though Americans think because different normal western practices Since differ Americans their understanding foreign policy problems increased recognition their existence The American expects least modest gratitude example foreign likely appalled Moslem nation historical background baksheesh views American something which entitled matter right It ilividual American feels corruption corruption wherever whatever called He America conform world American standards But before embarking crusade there universal standards righteousness As Americans themselves world about become accustomed double standards conduc because condone double standards because exist Consider subject discrimination which exists United States Discrimination fully reported American world press timely pictures flashed abroad It almost impossible these foreign newspaper without finding least picture discrimination lated violence United States The observer Mars would perceptive conclude discrimination exists anywhere world United States In Black Africa discrimination segregation United States subjects constant comment One would think there discrimination within African states BUt Nigeria Kenya examples there plenty discrimination based tribal differences color Discrimination basis color discrimination basis tribal origins expected Furthermore African citizens residents these African states certainly Indians coloreds while discrimination white against black viewed unacceptable their governments discrimination black against whites coloreds Indians condoned encouraged Discrimination basis caste religion color education origin common throughout world But United States higher standard Discrimination within United States South Africa considered subject debate United Nations there similar freedom debate discrimination which exists within newer states Africa Asia One remind himself everyone little queer impossible divorce himself completely background experience His Judgment others based experience Yet thoughtful recognize every other nation passes Judgment incapable divorcing himself actions completely background experience This first toward under standing comprehend appreciate background experience effect Judgment background experience others alien background whose reasons reacting Justified their experience those observer So What It dangerous peace world great nation foreig policies determined emotionalism chialism For reasons discussed earlier Americans shown propensity reactions influenced considerations Such words Cuba Communist China Gaulle quickly arouse emotions Americas Parochial reactions roused words fisheries imports shipping wheat lumber The United States little influence foreign policy other great powers It domestic matter United States however determine reacts world about The United States responds international situations headed hearted blooded blooded calculating emotional moderate immoderate Whichever American system repre sentative government adapted quick effect emotional parochial pressures Amendments tacked legislation Congress which almost constant session A press assembly speech boycotts numerous instruments available which parochial emotional pressures brought American foreign policies It seldom President finds necessary sentiment emotional parochial response foreign challenge Instead finds highest ranking officers devoted trying restrain pressure groups right The Department State probably spends effort restraining adventuresome Cuban exiles their American supporters trying track Fair Play Cuba student groups There those believe President charge conduct American foreign policy because represents people therefore control public pressures To extent But crucial factor President foreign policy depends believes public willing support Undoubtedly President Commander Chief United States despite constitutional provision Congress authority declare However American people power force President indiscreet especially election This potentially cause concern possibility President volition precipitate crisis The American people significant often decisive determining course American foreign policy If Americans citizens small state could responsible exercise If American citizens believe effect policies United States could irresponsible But neither these situations exists As consequence American citizen finds higher standard conduct imposed citizen other power This hiher standard responsibility limited rationality which citizen exercises influence foreign policy votes groups Joins views expresses But applies domestic conduct citizen Other nations substantially influenced crime United States American educational stand using United States Juvenile delinquency American citizens scrutinized criticized special standards conduct reasonableness children local district attorney minister This unfair unpleasant And Just conduct child reflects parents conduct American citizens reflects international image nation Obviously every American citizen about become paragon national international virtue That would frightening contemplate Nevertheless final analysis citizens United States sciously unconsciously determine world United States world played United States likely determine nature world century least American citizens should their consciously rationally because total small things Americans believe reflects philosophy attitude Americans citizens world responsibilities In earlier pages number factors suggested which citizens should consider formulate their views cific foreign policies Perhaps important those factors development rational policies however qualities which citizens bring foreign policy issues Without attempting exhaustive these ities include objectivity candor honesty patience generosity moderation power sympathy toward others their points These qualified existence healthy skepticism cynicism These qualities nothing description American nalvit How should Americans exercise uallties world politics looks Machiavellian American How continue rational enlightened everywhere NATO disintegration Asia under munist attack Africa violent revolution Latin America stable Must American policy nothin putting fingers dikes world The answer United States behave reasonably putting fingers dikes other ation Furthermore exercise these qualities seems prescription naivit might recalled these qualities which American government development nation successful Ameri often think United States nation In however United States nation terms consti tutional government No other nation world continuity governmental experience exists United States There reason abandon these qualities comes conduct foreign relations United States Certainly reason reservoir which United States still seems retain although depleted attributable large belief American foreign policy straightforward honest candid generous idealistic The United States avoid being tagged description perfidious Albion which applied Great Britain years America history isolation politically disinter ested missionary fouzdation generosity haven provided oppressed other countries freedoms contributed world respect which uique universal Despite propaganda contrary respectable portion world peoples still their national interests coincide largely national interests United States History argues continuation foreign policies based candor honesty patience generosity moderation power derstanding points others Over these qualities prevailed Despite discouraging setbacks parts seemed headed freedom gradually expanded morality conduct toward fellow progressed Perhaps never history mankind people involved determining today America citizens The citizens Nazi Germany succumbed Hitler citizens Soviet Union lived under Stalin theory least power revolt throw their leadership But activi those states while could destroy peace curtail freedom threaten existence In United States today American citizens power select throw their leaders And course which UnitedStates takes international lations which possibility destroying peace mankind The United States citizens today responsi bility preservation tection enlargement freedom Received New York September