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10/1/1930 - miscellaneous correspondence through 10/1/30 by C. Walter Young

opkin ilniversiy lallimore llarylatill Keining Hotel San Ching Lu ukden Ciira October Walter S Rogers Institute Current WorldAffairs Inc Fifth Avenue New York N Y Dear Rogers On arriving Harbin September after leaving Moscow I innediately attempted communicate Er Charles R Crane telegraphing American Embassy Tokyo Your letter August received Berlin August informed expected Tokyo between September Receiving reply telegram I wired again Mukden September Yaato Hotel Mukden afternoon received following message Walter Young C O Yamato iukden Crane Left Tokyo Without Leaving Travel Address Probably On Way Peking Amembassy I shall therefore attempt communicate there especially I newspaper verification arrival Tientsin Peking Your etter indicated might Seoul Chosen ukden about October On arriving September I immediately touch certain Chinese arshal Chang Hsueh liang prepared their meeting Crane rather suddenly The marshal course occupied latest Chinese military political chessboard sending troops Tientsin Peking should difficult ordinarily I however there would difficulty Crane marshal would receive alone again Reports maygo Peking October Chinese Republican Holiday I informed privately unlikely He likely revie troops I reviewing stand those movies At events I think visable remain ukden perhaps Thi German hotel place which I always ossible accomplish something I already dozen important inter views ukden there perhaps dozen separate subjects which I either continueg investigations I myself political situation before trying Work matter Chinese Eastern Railway cestion other conercial matters Harbin I shall therefore perhaps return Harbin short after I finish proceeding Dairen later remaint least weeks working South anchuria Railway library offices Of course Nr Crane comes nchuria indicates I service elsewhere I shall plans I enclosing notes interview which I lucky Leo Karakhan oscow Rhys Williams great there quite pleased suprised event Karakhan office The Eddy party tells failed received Karaan indic ating willinghess after weeks receive senators I paring separate memos oscow things Soviet something Rhzs Wms which I shortly plans leave Dairen Peking American Express Co about Novenberl Siucel opkiu Umversily allimore Marylanll Kening Hote Mukden Manchurin October Mr Walter S Rogers Institute Current World Affairs Fifth Avenue New York City Dear Rogers In interval between several entertainments which Chinese celebrating Double Ten Tenth Month Tenth Day Republican holiday I suggest occupied perhaps things Chinese Manchurian October excellent month Manchuria spell around middle Nov ember usually something usually happens Manchuria autumn political interest Then there Oct holiday which meant military review Marshal troops still remain_ You movies I It I especially infantry Perhaps about troops marched rewie stand where marshal having W H Donald perhaps trusted adviser I position sallow As usual troops years evident formerly This morning I invited along consuls business attend luncheon given Marshal Civil Government Office inside walled another those grand Chinese feasts where nobody really servants champagne afterwards T marshal looks about which health He entirely occasionally receives inspiration doctors I think deserves credit glorious Considering environment especially father Chang Tso wonder smoked But mentally alert I gather grown considerably kowledge administrative matters since assume dictatorship He means puppet anybody occasion sweeps aside heads conservative crowd Tonight I invited supper given By Marshal Madame Chang Hsueh liang Pei Ling villa where received private dinner Qite event probably movies review which afternoon At least movies evening speed China I expect perhaps round proceed either Dairen Harbin depending movements individuals I contact I spend least Dairen pezhaps weeks That means Peking aofter November perhaps about November About Mr Charles R Crane I I failed touch until today I telegrams Tokyo Peking He apparently desirous travelling rather quietly Prof Saunders I heard apanese sources Nara Today I received telegram Peking I visit Manchuria Hoping visit China So I probably entirely Whe opkin University aimore aryau Ny purpose hurrying ukden immediately aside attempting contact Nr Crane political picture clear It seemed necessary marshal sending troops Tientsin Peking refrained taking months though world wondering would Briefly I doubt motives mainly patriotic really wants peace support declarations about wishing people Tientsin Pek needed facts there He seems endeared himself oppressed populace those cities there experience rival armies taking cities three times extortion terrorism entailed arshal Chang definitely refused private dicker withLemox Simp customs Tientsin Simpson I write information which published intending bribe marshal million taels monthly deles might there The marshal insulted refused The incident I think relation shooting Simpson Tientsin One thing certain about despises squeeze rather unique attitude Chinese official especially miliHry fleck vultures This young fellow I suspected His position stronger politically Manchuria thana Nanking knees begging intervention least three months But respect Kuomintsmg characterizing Nanking Kuomintang attempting monopolize should representative political tions people course expressed manifestos He clearly placed umself Support following program interfer aritime Customs intention smash monopoly Kuomintang which representative China hence ingness Yen Hsi Feng Ya hsiang picture called Peoples Conference finally B Peace I manifestos China I afraid admit I think believes I Nr Donald prime strategist publicity months though China years various capacities serving Chinese principle school foreign advisers together I could dozen Incidentally I think vouch Silas Strawn Leo Karakhan The marshal course position retire Manchuria things might south But present holds stock He neither advice orders Nanking press releases there Shanghai about doing Nanking Govern course smiled Chinese finest sense humor people I Lin finest linguists English scholars China recently remarked wrong China EVERYBODY HAD TOO GOOD A SE NSE OF HUMOR The marshal intention permittin position Manchuria upset I prospect Here China where I definite probably unusual progress economic development railway construction engineering development highways harbors thenext years perhaps until after there needs educating process before Whe opkin Universily alimore arylau officials brought realize foreign capital suffocate field without considerable foreign control revenues various enterprizes financed The marshal coming around official official industrial projects fallacious He seems power stifle opposition strong tradition father Tiger And I think after Manchuria prove pioneering ground breaking whole China field sensible business arrangement between Chinese foreigners The significant economic dovelornent Manchuria beginning construction Hulutao Harbar station Lienshan Peking Mukden Railway For years since doubted Chinese would their paper plans realities Today reality Hulutao being built Netherlands Harbor Works complete within years perhaps I talked there among John J Ehrhardt U S Trade Commissioner technical Harbor Works Van Lithe Jeude years connected harbor projects China incidentallY knows Duyvendak Eat Angelino Dutch Colonial Office Robert Vos former Belgian consul signed contract behalf Netherlands Co Vos promises Hulutao private returns Harbin Or I party arranged Ehr private chartered local which would divided between I eager Hu lutao myself collected perhaps preparation detailed report intimate publication perhaps Sunday edition I return The course somewhat rival Dairen could handle outset fifth Dairen acity Each hinterland Contracts hsrbor equip these purchased market there undoubtedly considerable American business harbor cranes Followingaesozeofthepeople Ihavetalkedwithatlength duingthelast addition above M S Myers American Consul General M Lynch consul jurisdictional questions pertaining thesis Dr C F Wang Mukden Mining Administration brother C T Nanking years Manchuria mining developments Japanese obtain leases Wang lives Willard Straight Temple fozmer American consulate Dr T Y Wang Ecuation North Eastern University delegate Kyoto jurisdictional questions political situation Paul Yen Y M C A delegate Kyoto Sherman See manager Commercial Press delegate Kyoto Tommy Lee Hawaiian Chinese secretary marshal close Ning En cheng chisf inspector Frontier Bank marshal delegate Kyoto financial currency ation political situation N E University Vice President Liu N E U Dr S delegate Kyoto formerly N E U Department Educatioaat Harbin Ernest Tu friend U Minn studied Geneva Summer School Mr Chin theChamber Commerce Mr Ch headof Educational Associ ation Meeting themwas faciltitated dinner given night Chinese Kyoto crowd chamber commerce which W H Donald present He rarely indulges pastimes Whe opkius University alimore Barylan Amang foreigners Hutton several weeks trying Ford planes Pennsylvania Station N Y which tothe marshal Finally marshal The latter stock while Hutton reports handled plane nicely But planes apparently The marshal pursued several bombing plane agents French Czechoslovakian months broht planes demonstration Again managers Standard Oil Texaco latter Mr Martin friend As Bank Chosen correspondent along Hongkong Shanghai Bank Central Ham Bank Trust I occasion L1 National City Bank My contacts rather Harbin Dairen The Mukden Club rendezvous foreigners poker predominating We ladies Wednesdays during dance There debate whether Armistice Day dance shall Club I think prevailed shall please Germans being invited which international represent Chinese There nothing conviviality between Chinese officials foreigners Mkden Similar Harbin And couse Shanghai changing Shanghai Club remains gentleman where I never Chinsse Yesterday Marshal Chang through ceremony imduction Vice Commander Armies Republic China being sworn repres entative Nanking Fine humor They telephoned twenty minutes after ceremony started inviting hurry This I arriving Marshal ranki receive officers lined yamen leave But I dozen friends One attend functions assist meeting people The affairs always convivial around Several marshal secretaries asked I waned I pushed feeling being But turns I Better Donald urges There iette folww being invited presented functions China An I problem accepting invitation break marshal ethers Best perhaps Donald course I preparing rather lengthy Trans Siberian which I shall There Moscow ineres rhaRs Seden especially Stockholm The Swedes little interest China Then there Swedish Match Company Swedish East Asiatic Line Erickson telephones As notes GermanI afraid would distracting memos Aud Int Best advantage Two letters Gladys New York I chance before leaving When receive letter I should Still Dairen Yamato hotel I hazdly Peking before November Whether I Shanghai Hankow depends travel conditions With withes Form CLASSOFSERVICE DESIRED FULL RATE WESTERNUNION HALF RAThE DEFERRED CHECK CABLE LETTER WEEK END LETTER Patrons shodld check class TIME FILED CABLEGRAM desired otherwise cable gramwillbe transmitted rates NE WCOMB CARL TON J C WIL LE VER Sendthefollowingmcsage jecttothetermsonlahueo whicharcherebyagreedto October I C Gmeetgs C geInstte ofrrtrid Form CLASSOFSERVICEDESIRED CASHOROHG FULL RATE WESTERN UNION HALF RATE DEFERRED CHECK CABLE LETTER WEEK END LETTER Patronsshodldcheckclassof TIMEFILED CABLEGRAM desired otherwise cable willbe transmitted fullraes CARLTON C WILL VE R Sendthefollowingmessage jecttothetermson lacle hereo whicharkherebyagreedto Oc tober I9 D receivedaneiiaeifnemney 52fAve opkiu Bniversiy aIimore aryIau Grand Hotel Pekin Peking October Walter Rogers Institute Current World Affairs Fifth Avenue New York City My Mr Rogers On receiving telegram Crane Mukden andforwarded Dalton I immediately booked passage Dairen Tientsin sailing October I therefore arrived Peking evening October proceededto hotel where I found Mr Crane I found health apparently pleased Dr iSaunders through Japan I frequent these occasionally dining Mr Crane alone atbreakfast The following permit worthwhile message Monday Oct Lunch Mr Crane Prof Saunders dinner crane Mi Humphrey 0hven Lattimore I introduced On morning arrival I directly P U LC looked hroat specialists I apparently dryness infection Manchuria It mending examination resulted Dr Mackintosh telling I nothing worry about heart Only chest Id thorax Since arriving I better doctor believes I should Tea Crane Saunders Bertha Lure Tuesdaz R1 Breakfast Crane This morning I called Nelson T Johnson resulting session which Russia He keenlm interestedin Rnssia I should Well informed I intend prepare separate conversations That evening I dined alone Legation residence first councillor Perkins another The result pumping Russia Hsinkiang Iongolia Chinese Eastern negotiations thrown Certainly I received value I could contribute enjoyable I Johnson straight shooter easier friend Dr Hornbeck though I great I Fryer Pitish subject The Willys Peck State Department datihter Dean Jones U California Fryer pkin_g Lade Grover Clark changing N0rtl C_hin S_tandard after M Fryer lived Dairen rfugees Fryer could resume newspapers inPeking since I Later Iclled Schooluttoofferagesture offrieshipanda hatchet burial Nr Pettus I thought particularly leaving Language School second Peking accompanied oreover I wanted about institution words unwisdom North China Union Language School Cooperation California Colleges Tea Lattinores China signboard outside temple where friends Ben Doro Shy Ben curator iental opkns niversy iental Detroit Fine Arts house which I intend better present itself Eleanor Lattimore acquaintance husband She daughter Dean Thomas Holgate Northwestern acting president while I Was student there Her sister Barbara classmate The occasion permitted become informed Lattimore under Social Science Research Council fellowship Manchuria mainly I state study contemporary population groups their reaction their environment Dinner Legation evening above Wednesda sdical examination P U N C resulting assurances I insurance Lunch Fryers In after I attendan archaelogical lecture enzies Language School mainly Nr Pettus student Pettus telephoned inviting lunch Friday I first Incidentally I never enthusiastic toward there times enthusiastic especially offered couple years gratis Language School model egations might studants there Carl Bishop Freer Gallery friend turned afternoon young Judge Linebarger studying Chinese there G W generous praise Sun Yat statesman lecture course Washington Overijkink Dutch students I studied under Duyvendak Leiden school Kamper there Japan In evening I dined Dr Nrs Paul Stevenson North Compound P U C They friends Stevenson leader smal2 circle doctors interested themselves things Chinese small others being Chinese scholars He travelled widely China especially along Tibetan b0rder measuring skulls gtting office Department Anatomy WhenI first called Mend previotsly showed unpublished results great mological value He president American Association Peking The dinner arranged especially Walter Granger palaen ologist Andrews Expedition Mongolia Sven Hedin I troduction Stockholm Hedin failed works night until sleeps seldom socially Granger Lieut Lyman Expedition talked generously their Non golia Granger though assuring scientist interest politics giving valuable Soviet influence there This incidentally Nongolian Expedition under American Nuseum principally Granger because getting there account Soviet influence irregularities insecurities caused Chinese Twelve volumes tecmical published which ongeology completed T hu_s_day Oct Spent morning Nr ohnson Legation appoint Nr Crane called while I there pevious occasion The Ninister would rather Crane Shansi thingsi pretty unsettled He wasto tomorrow Professor Saunders remaining Nr Crane inwith O Todd Famine Relief It doubtful tomorrow This another afternoon session Ninister solicitation placing disposal valuablematerials Nanchuria In Whe opktn niversiy alimore arylau afternnon I attenda lecture P U C auditoriam given Dr Lucius Per Yenching U You recall chairman committee under Willard Straight Fellowship Roger Greene technically committee really never presence committee purposeso Incidentally I brief Roger Greene hotel other evening inviting Mr Crane dined there General Hrs Horvath other evening Porter urged Out Yenching Before I leave I Crane suggested I around there again Dr YoY Tsu pastor P U C whatever title acquaimtance nailed dinner Sunday Dr oSaunders This evening I dined Shirakageroff authority anchus Tungus He approached inquiries about olitical security scenifi C expeditio under central government anchuria He wants uchus bring Fekin Sic excavations along Amur He acquainted Crane And I renewing friendships making I expected everyone whole China sides But instead I Peking thinks saying Peiping Here I It princigally because I place couldn sufficiently presentable garments justify herself stayed All quiet Fotoma I dozens inquiries rikisha coolies small merchants teeth hazer Lun Fu rdoctor lines under could easily remedied I times white powder these inquiries think rshal Chang Hsueh liang troops Nukden almost uniform satisfaction They simply Mukden soldiers spend because something marshal promised there looting extortion trade picking Yen Hsi reput ation These opinions street elicited casual inquiries pursuit bsiness buing nicknack going I think worth something At events these views shared pretty etter placed Chinese resigners Dr Sevenson I wrote Nukden Na Chang promised relief extortion It appears Hatamen octroi station tai0n If nerve strengthen himself abolishe In nuthell I opinion Narshal Chang digging foraii pretty winter Nanking couldn wished Sai their having ordered marshal Tomorrow Frid Oct I lunch Nrs Pettus friends including 0verdijkink Leiden Frankly courting evidently sspecting Institute organ ization mutual friend mworth lunch But perhaps I quite I sledding since smash Yenching School Chinese Studies Porter Hummel Narch walked chance funds Hall Estate suffered their youngest Chauncey Ine evening I I wired condolences ukden I aimores Saturday October Whe opktns University alimore arylan Nr Crane decided Shensi reports Taiyuanfu concern conditions bailiwick retiring General Yen Hsi seemed reassuring Instead perhaps Tients Shanghai proceed Siam Communications Lnterrupted between Peking Hankow Tientsin Nanking uncertain Shensi Whether decision Nr Crane Siam delay return states I intending Christmas hoped Japan I might benefit Professor Saunders contacts especially Buddhist leaders there return across Pacific It entirely probable therefore order complete invest igations anchuria I Shanghai entirely Time short extensive worthwhile trips interior south Peking Yangtze travelling conditions sible Were I operating Peking permanent however I think I would great difficlty getting about where China except Kansu course region south Yamgtze As I return Dairen perhaps Tuesday Tientsin there again Before leaving Dairen I worked preparing detailed questionnaire JAPANE E JURISDICTION IN NANC especially attempt elicit replies responsible ormed R officials those Kwantung Gov ernment Port Arthur questions which I probe farther I assured Watari S R Foreign Office these answers ready typed return Dairen He asked special round table leading S P officials where knotty questions entire memorandum Incidents frequent I lived Dairen given evidence railway authorities close propaganda those willing accept latter their dilettante methods encourage former I shall comment furtheron memorandum conversations nister Johnson I Kattimore twice hotel chats Manchuria He spending qui_tly Peking studying written Chinese speaking knowledge language better reading knowledge He manifested interest In stitute Pacific Relations forthcoming conference China October Before Loomis Peking I several chats about organiz Chinese Delegation coming conference about sessions The Government almost impossible consider place Nanking spite acconodation there I presume there Peking would better numerous respects convenient guests attractive Nanking place China cultural capital conveniently reached Japan anchuria compromise btween Shanghai Chinese ukden removed Shanghai where comers would spend their conference Nanking As maturer I should wished conference China China afford searchlight press opinion turned But Young Chinese iticals reason Japan Oct RUSSIAN SECTION AND SIBERIA opktu Unvers alimore arylan I sending along rather loquacious emorandum across Siberia trail Five Year Plan The notes quite valueless certain without literary merit attempt But I record certain impressions which useful another The Rterials Five Year Plan I various sources printed through conversa Moscow The outline following route showing pecially Tnrkestan Siberian railway relation Chinese Turkestan industrial azeas which stand rather relief insertions mines factories farms I which seems imense psychological value Russia something which might challenge China especially Manchuria I brief communistic character Russia embracing state I think developing Manchuria there something there might ideas directive force officialdom perhaps commercialdom Chinese Mukden Harbin I workinE already drawn attention Mukden ficials Soviet State Farms dotted right aro_nd their borders Manchuria In response I respectful hearing There phases things Siberian which I Lena Gold Fields Arbitration example I leave Siberiao coming winter Moscow Just Williams I repeat greatest value unstinting seree giving excellent contacts without which I should vacuum But I I should Hindus L Fischer strike Soviet things stantly rationalize political social situations incidents conclus which I cannot consider valid Moscow atmosphere which would average American perhaps great financial stake account unbalanced observer things Soviet after weeks there especially dined daily these I mentioned It sympathetic minded these should terrorism stifying purely revolutionary grounds overlook human suffering which believe industrial contruction hectic haste sound progress explainable realizes London DAILY WOREE2 their source constant information industrial labor picture count outside Soviet After considering matter while I Moscow Rhys Williams finally rSected Forein 0ffice offer English language paper This would havekeep strictest Con fidence No would given offer It I think thing interests people foreign state quite another interests political economic system contrary The Sustification government possible success methods effec world order things Because I differ Williams these points though I merely looked listened Moscow I could everything roseate colors But I monclusion Williams extremely informed never sought impose views contacts exceptional possible service anyone might around Russia invaluable Sunday Professor Saunders Gandhi Kagawa P U C Auditorium Oct Whe aiimore aryla Professor 8aunders spoke morning service Gandhi Toyohiko Eagawa manner direct simple highly suggestive asides Chinese students The student study China needs spiritual leader Japanese Kagawa loves fellow willing sacrifice Bolshevism Victorian ialism which value China Don Narx ridiculous Gandhi Kagawa represented taking their Tolstoy Asia alone would really receive ntually He Saunders acterized program Gandhi break distinction against untouchables eliminate bitterness between Hindus Mos reform harsh treatment women especially Brahmins spread ethics spinning farther prohibition alcohol Saunders described Gandhi program sound economics crusade spinning wheels having resulted increasing income hundreds thous third detriment itish cotton mills In connection suggested China great power boycotl splendid Behiud Gandhi Kagawa Christ poured bottles their native thoght As Kagawa described powerful Japan zealous scriicing Japanese youth champion caase His program comprised pactico cadtdoctrine resolved Saunders pacifism S extoll purity suppess titution doctrine orking cooperative shops ample religious service efcement service Bolshevism willing scrap armaments He mention U S S R strongest forces existsnt The following asides characteristic exampls utterances brilliant humorous Englisen America nericans All students American state universities doing military goose bayonet practice against dnmies Huorously America bcoming matriarchate Etc He encouraged young Chinese young Japnese younz Engiishn hetic Britis iision China When quoted Ir Crane definition horse sense wlich learn horse teach jackass regte oceigners audience Nr Crane esent diffic folloz Professor Saunders Whe opkins Iniveraiy alimore arylan Sunday evening Oct Crane plans taken likely leave German Coblenz Norddeutscher Lloyd Shanghai Dalton In latter place spend about three Incidentally Coblenz which I Europe Shanghai comfortable least coastwise travel In other words Siamese seems definitely abandoned Instead Crane Proessor Saunders return Yokohama Honolulu San Fran cisco California Christmas If their sailing around first Of December I shall accompany San Francisco instead Seattle Vancouver spend Christmas father Canby innesota Gladys kiddies relatives I giving matter writing three articles China cially Nanchuria considerable thought shipboard After inising Nanchuria after three weeks I thought Except possible articles anchuria however I anything distinctly interpretive politica events China might premature The Nanchurian system ballast enough reasonabl permanent balance enable think terms years future Except certain econoic developments China Proper I would hazard print O Should communicate between November December I cable address would Im erial Hotel Toyo I shall connunicate American Club American Consulate General American Express Company Shanghai telegrams forwarded As I informed sailing bookings YOkohama I shall communicate Nay I conclmmion lthough I I profiting privilege another spasm North China especially Nanchuria revelling autumn atmosphere Peking which grand I I living intellectually mouth these I I quietly settle ations which I China I brush reading Chinese little opportunity spoken Chinese which comes rapidly which vocabulary change color chameleon I railway politics Buddhist sutras I phrase I absorbing little nothing Ad concentrate effcely special Hopkins I return putting behind which I permanent value those responsible positions future Nanchurian politics But I occasional assurances Nelson Johnson Baron Okra rshal Chang Hsueh liang I should through distinctly legal approach Nanchuria other reason I I legal subjects Nanchuria I should prefer accompany Shirakagoroff expedition Amur Or couple years The Nachine Comes To NancNuia Best wishes staff Sinc erely October Is C Walter Yog East ichigan treet indlana In receIv cablegrs Charle R Crane thatWalterswithhiminPp esecon hesaid Imgld theyhavecahtmpd Ident lonshSp devlopedo Zour slncerely VOLUME NOVEMBER THE ANNALS American Academy Political Social Science THORSTEN SELLIN EDITOR DONALD YOUNG ASSOCIATE EDITOR CHINA Edite HENRY F JAMES ProD Assistant Professor Geogra University Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania PHILADELPHIA Copyright AMERICAN ACADEPI OF POLITICALAND SOCIAL SCIENCE All rights reserved EUROPEAN AGENTS ENGLAND P S King Son Ltd Great Smith Street Westminster London S W FRANCE L Larose Souffiot Paris GERMANY Mayer Mtiller Prin Louis Ferdinandstrasse Berlin N W ITALY Giornale degli Economisti Mlano Via Canova SPAIN E Dossat 9PlazadeSantaAna 1Vadrid Economic Factors Manchurian Diplomacy By C WALTER YOUNG Research Staff Department Political Science Johns Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland WO great fought plains VIanchuria reasons results require services historian immune psychology evaluate These China against Japan Japan against Russia Deep sentiment values fundament attitudes Japanese feeling toward their soldier whose ashes buried Metre Hill Port Arthur Chinese feeling force kingly justice dictated resulting treaty adjustments these stuff Manchurian diplomacy Japan dependence terials Manchuria China outlet teeming millions Shantung And written strategic factors Man churia neglect interpreta Manchurian diplomacy which takes accoult essential economic facts attention Essential economic facts about Manchuria necessarily statistics contained official publications difficult obtain There reasons concealment For example difficult assured accuracy Chinese figures describing extra funds given thelateMarshalChangTsoLinfortwocontracts given Japanese railways clude whether business profit obtained operation Jap anese Anshan Iron Steel Works matter difficult obtain total estimates ofrailway materials Manchuria during years American firms Often there figures assist process Customs figures frequently inadequate absence census Man churia surveys local consumption drawn colorful equally fundamental facts Manchurian riculture trade materials railways other economic rivalries It should difficult specialist politics accept truth Dr Edwin M Borchard Yale University state The intelligent appreciation economic facts understanding forces shaping inter national relations interpretation common sense foreign policy MANCHURIA AS A PIONEER BELT Manchuria dozen great pioneer belts world including Liaoning Kirin Heilungkiang Provinces totaling square miles approximately Mexico This siderably larger whole Japan Empire about equal combined areas American States Montana Dakotas Minne which Manchuria somewhat sembles climate topography Here considerable geographi agricultural stage velopment population twenty milffons which seventy percent engaged riculture which ninety Chinese A broad plain Central Manchurian fertile river vall6ys figures thorough studies mineral sources capital investment various states there tentative conclusionswhich drawn following essay sionally trial answers MexicoandtheCari bbean ClarkUniv Press THEAAsoHEAMERICAN ACADEMY igable riversespecially Sungari mountains highly mineralized forest covered geographi present potential mineral production vital importance economic interpre tation Manchurian politics The economic characteristics Manchuri which importance population problems Japan Chin justify ppell tions pioneer granary North Chin Densely populated saturation southern tions Vfnchuri north Changchun Chinese Eastern Railway however capable absorbing three times present twenty millions In north Manchuri about twenty million acres under cultivation capita which least equivalent amount unculti vated landmybe added Vst virgin tracts exceptionally untouched Hulan Valley Harbin lower Sungari Valley I visited individual holdings which tivable often thousand acres these being within twenty miles Harbin section which usually accepted figures thought tirely under cultivation These potential producers greater crops cereals beans lands cultivated There steady increase grain cargoes transported Chinese Estern Railway accounted inpatby annually added cultivated north Manchuria prircipally through Chinese immigration across Gulf echili especially Shantung Seepaper issue The Geography Manchuria Soy beans which derived wheat millet kaoliang sorghum principal agricultural crops Manchuria which widely tributed Be impor money export though possible wheat overcome numerous obstacles which Manchurian farmers arenow compelled As pioneer Manchuria important Far East bearing population problems China Japan POPULATION PROBLEMS Turningfrom general description specific economic situations which affect course national policy diplomacy which deserves attention population China Japan For China territory natural outlet surplus population provinces Shantung where population density eight times M anchuria Shantung princi source unparalleled migra Chinese Manchuria number about million since In general migration entirely natural economic causes renforcedbypolitical disorders incidentally affected inducements remotely ciated governmental policies local Chinese authorities diplomacy Japan No doubt there awakening since distinct recognition bearing migration extensive study subject erence author brochure prepared Kyoto Conference In stitute Pacific Relations titled Chinese Colonization Development Manchuria Honolulu Published Problems Pacific Univ Chicago Press ECONOMIC FACTORS IN MANCHURIAN DIPLOMACY political future Manchuria TheChineseatMukdenlookupon factor tending increase production andthusto createnew sources oftaxa wealth infiltration Chinese influence outlying areas Barga Amur watershed Ussuri country southeastern Manchuria which prevent ethnic absorption foreign elements Rus Korean It evident however Chinese foreign policy terially affected except relation Korean problem Manchuria migration Chinese The future probably official attempts regulate Man churia attention China problems cause emergence foreign policies programs conditioned saturation Manchuria Chinese colonists Generally speaking Japanese appear distinct views Chinese colonization Manchuria The group welcomes factor tending increase agricultural duction cargoes carried Japanese operated South Manchuria Railway There large profits passenger traffic migra This broader minded group tifies Japanese economic success Manchuria closer coSperation Chinese agriculture dustry population increase improved Japaneseman ufactures especially cotton goods railway equipment TheotherJapanesegroup isskeptical andpessimistic It infiltra final Japanese agricul tural coloniZation M anchuriaa which granted settlement without legal obstacles acquisi everbeen blind tomorefunda mentaleconomicfactsmakinganylarge emigration Japanese M anchuriu impossible This group visions politi dangers future Man churian agriculture industry dependent Japan It present Chinese attitude toward Koreans Manchuria whole Japanese policy which behind emigration As these groups opinion elements truth first likely result political frictionwithChina Howthatfriction entirely eliminated however problem unless talked Sino Japanese economic coSperation Manchuria mouthed foreign consumptio sincerely ceived quicksand which Japanese indus commerce likely Old irritated sores grievance which China against Japan Manchuria JAPANESE PROBLEM Manchuria offers interesting light Japan population problem Compared China proper Shantung lrovince example Japanese problem appears least Manchuria destined remain territory lated ninety Chinese which suggests ultimately Chinese political rgime survive Manchuria For quarter century there ample opportunities present Japan excluding Koreans migrate Manchuria If there pressing ulation problem Japan Manchuria Too impossibility Japanese competition Chinese presumed tohave amuchlowerstand living Japanese farmers Manchuria Too emphasis THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY likewise placed legal stacles Japanese acquisition VIanchuria purchase lease explanation their colonization These factors acted deterrents Japanese emigration VIanchuria fundamental factors these disinclination Japanese migrate unless under artificial stimulus doubtful exist circumstances Japan pelling migration finally futility granted existence population problem attempting solve emigration Japan problem growing seriousness should confused population problem maladjust ments industrial which found countries Great Britain Belgium phatically China It indeed noticeable years Japanese Govern least tacitly itted definite relationship tween itspoliciesinVianchuriaandthe colonizing Japanese farmers there To secure right lease purchase interior M churia important object Japanese diplomacy doubtful relationship hopes since blighted populating V churia Japanese farmers The lease commercial purposes Japan arablelandforfoodproductionas iscommonly thought Thepessimistic conclu sions Professor S Nasu Tokyo Imperial University Japan future population problems based utiliza alone should tempered experience Great Britain Belgium Cf Land Utilization Japan Tokyo Japanese Research Committee Institute Pacific Relations An excellent scientific proach Japan sfoodproblemmaybefound enrose E Agricultural Mineral Pro duction Japan tIonolulu Institute cific Relations agricultural purposes Koreans affected partial explanation McuCOA The world struggle materials essential modern industrialization Manchurian phase Here story degree fertilizers still important shale mineral fertilizers timber Japan however dominates VIanchurian field completely especially south Manchuria struggle obscured potential Chinese themselves quently forgotten From political point Vanchurian mineral products aremore important significant since Japan acquired Russian controlled mines additional mines otherwise acquired South VIanchuria Rail Company government trolled enterprise which operates lushun collieries Anshan Iron SteelWorks sparednoeffort exploit The lushun collieries M ukden important China production during twenty years having exceeded other China matter Suez The known reserves estimated approximately billion unequaled similar twenty forty square miles perhaps world Here lushun collieries South Manchuria Railway values investment hundred million Seven million taken lushun mines average million years These collieries presumably controlled Japan until expira ninety lease ECONOMIC FACTORS IN M ANCHURIAN DIPLOMACY mines South Manchuria Railway revert China Second railway itself Fushun colliery important Japanese enterprise Man churia existence longway explain tenacity which Japanese diplomacy undertakes protect vested interests Ian churia2 Manchurian essen economic Japan normal progress dustrialization problematic How Fushun collieries other Japanese controlled mines Penhsihu Yentai south Man churia could supply somewhat problematic because smaller collieries bituminous usable coking purposes The Fushun lieries probably produce about seven eight million nually future mumof million At entmuchoftheFushuncoalis easily cessible butanothertenyears exploi tation increase mining difficulties Moreover about third ushun exported Japan Local demands exceed Japanese foreign demand within years accept expert opinion Mr Torgasheff million annually Japan owing increasing mands local industries The export Fushun Japan restricted Cf Young The International Relations Manchuria University Chicago Press Torgasheff Boris P Coal Iron Oil Far East ttonolulu Institute Pa cific Relations Dr E E Ahnert Mineral Reserves Manchuria Peiping accepts billion reserve Fushun He estimates reserve exhausted hundred years agreement Japanese ducers limiting amount which Japan proper produc tionnext yearmayactuallybe reduced This indicates dependence Manchuriancoalissomewhat artificial andthattheforeignproduct isactually incompetitionwithJapanesenativecoal APANESE COAL RESOURCES But dependence Japan Manchurian evaluated production reserves Japan proper known Contrary awidespread impression Japanhas large annual production ranking among first countries world Japan exporter importer cessofimports beingfrequentlycaused artificial factors industry dearth product reserves Japan imports total consumed country This might justify anxiety writerswho predictan early exhaustion native supplywere itnotforthe neither native reserve small certain future relegated inferior position hydromotive powerandthe electrical industry attain their maximum development For purposes however suffi cienttoemphasizethatcoal isthemost important mineral produced Japan production annually excess imports Japan exports foreign territories known proved reserves Japan proper small Japan today produces eighty electrical energy water power which already developed rival countries Sweden Swit zerland Official Japanese estimates serves inJapanproperplacetheknownworkable THE ANNALS OF WIlE AMERICAN ACADEMY Manchurian important Japan principally support industrial structure Manchuria Anshan Iron Steel Works which depends entirely local The productive especially Fushun sufficiently important explain Japanese desire retain thesecollieries Undergreementwith Chin produced South Manchuria Railway Company within their railway areas I evidence corapny ploiting Fushun mines exhausting supply within shortest period isplanned toship itlltoJpntobe reserveundersewater The importance Chin Japanese exploitation M anchurin reserves million metric known reserves workable greater difficulty another million probable unproved reserves another million Dr Kinosuke InouyS director Im perial GeologicalSurvey ofJapan hasplaced actual reserve definitely proved nearly million metric The Coal Re sourcesoftheWorld Vol Toronto In ttokkaido accordingtoDr InouyS theactual known reserves million probable million additional proved Mr Boris V Torgasheff Russian geolo accepts million Jap anese reserve readily workable concludes thatJapan ispoor coalreserves years present consump tionthiswillbeexhau Japanconsumed31 million annual increase from2to2 5milliontons TheofficialJapanese estimates quoted above potential reserves ofcoalinJapanshowhowimpossibleit istoac theview Japan willbe exhausted years In likely development electrical utilization Japan sourcefulness science invention I press judgment except venture Japan cause alarm another century Quoted Wang Dr C F director Fengtien Mining Administration Mukden A Syllabus Mining Conditions Three Eastern Provinces worthy greater attention given Suffice quote Dr Wang brochure mining conditions Manchuria The policy SouthManchuriaRailway against mines erated Chinese eliminate compe tition Fushun obstruct mines operated jointly Sino Japan corporat along South ManchuriaRailway China general situation important study ofJapan Recognizing opinions perts widely subject clusions guarded facts quite clear China annual production somewhat greater Japan sufficient present provide local needs supply excess exports China reserves possibly mense certainly times those Japan THE IRON SITUATION Turning situation Manchuria presented Wang In China imported million exported million Mr Torga sheff estimate ratio Chinese Jap anese reserves billion metric He admits possible accuracy figures Fuller Clapp which revive estimates immense reserves Shansi Shensi Kansu Ordos placing China reserves million millionmet rictons orabouttentimes estimateused the217 5ratioabove IftheestimatesofFuller Clapp correct would place China inrank United States coalwealth Torgasheff informative conclusion China large reserves fields suitable metallurgy immediate utiliza Her coking quality posits numerous located unavailable It remembered number portant mines producing coking trolled foreign capital minesaresimilarlycontrolled mainlybyJapan