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5/10/1966 - Pakistan: Impressions by Granville S. Austin

INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS NOT FOR PUBLICATION GSA Nizamuddln West Pakistan Impressions New Delhi May Richard H Nolte Executive Director Institute Current World Affairs Madison Avenue New York New York Dear Dick The nation Paklst established provide Muslims Indian contl By India Muslims convinced themselves convinced Mohammed Ali Jinnah group culturally religiously apart consti tuted nation whose fulfillment corporate individuals government Hindu domination The slogan heard independence Lahore Pakistan matlab Wa Mohammed rasool What meaning Pakistan That Mohammed prophet God Today Pakistan continues emphasize Islamlcness Although constitutional institutional level attempt create Islamic State Pakistani The political organization Pakistan Islamic today leaders secular secularist making necessary occasional Muslim divines Pakistanis still themselves primarily entirely Muslims During India Pakistan September President Ayub called Pakistanis fight India Islam Ayub brotherhood Islam holds wings East West Pakistan together nation The Pakistanls I recent West Pakistan intensely proud being Muslims being Pakistanls They lieved Islam special identity superiority particularly regard Indians The Pakistan larger better equipped Indian during Indo Pak because superior spirit fight qualities Muslim soldier Paklstanls times The Pakistanis belief their rellglon based superiority however beyond rather understandable nationalism Because believe superiority Muslim soldier Paklstanls I claimed India despite great advantage numbers resources could never defeat Pakistan Many Paklstanis contrary ready again India expected One Pakistani soldier equal Indian soldiers commonly heard equation Another might Muslim spirit equal Indian Hindu might Significantly I think theories Liu Shao Chi writings singled newspaper articles about Liu during state visit Pakistan claim spiritual atomic China superior variety possessed Chlna enemies Several Paklstanis never history Muslim defeated Nor Muslim superiority confined battlefield where Hindus concerned comprehensi A former successful Minister Agriculture India Rafi Ahmed Kidwai His success Pakistani emlgre United Provinces being Muslim indefinable quality Muslim Pakistanis consider Hindus untrustworthy cheating They break their Indla every agreement Pakistan And Hindus having turies ruled foreigners inferior people claim Pakistanis experience always equate themselves Muslims Muslim conquer North India Pakistanis realize apparently Indian people whether Hindu Muslim under conqueror Hindus Pakistan Paklstanls Pakistan wants peace India Such views I found persons I Pakistan If I forward suggestion untrustworthlness human failing prerogative Indians response incredulity disagreement You Americans friendship Indians milked turned Pakistan cause thought Therefore anything cause Pakistan mistake commit wrong Pakistanis apparently exceptions believe India giant conspiracy Pakistan A senior superintendent police deputy director intelligence ticked their fingers charges against India India tried thwart Pakistan every ultimate military conquest India behavior former Princely States Junagadh Hyderabad Kashmir hatred Pakistan since Partition prove India basic intent Later conversation I mentioned Kashmirl Islam somewhat different Punjabi Islam claimed evidence policy Hinduize Kashmirl M uslims That India intends military conquest borne conquest Goa projected invasion Nepal which called because Chinese attack October Even Chinese attack provoked India could Amer against Pakistan They nearly every action Indian government communally motivated Sikhs demanded Punjabspeaklng state themselves because being persecuted Hindus Indian government fighting Nagas because Christians They implied Muslims greater danger India Pakistanis consider Indian attack counter attack depending point Laho West Pakistan result escalation hostilities Kashmir greatest evidence Indian conspiracy against their country final proof treachery crouched across their border years Kashmir Pakistanis disputed territory therefore anything there right The infiltration begun Pakistan early August Pakistani attack American tanks toward Akhnur Once became clear Indian could chose Paks Indians elgner observers India began looking Indian riposte Punjab plains particularly toward Lahore capital psychological center West Pakistan That Lahore would primary Indian objective broke between countries accepted since early fifties The Pakistan press several times raised Indian troops massing threaten Lahore Newspapers countries cussed alleged desire Indian generals attack Lahore things going badly Indians Kutch Yet Pakistan erlzed argument It believed because considered Jamu Kas disputed territory Indians think would there limit relatively sensitive seems believed Hindus cowards would fight according reliable sources Indian prepared launch attack So Pakistan among citizens government thought Indians would attack Punjab That attack unexpected I individuals ranging colonel armored regiment college professors drivers journalists There great indirect evidence President Ayub professlonal soldier Field Marshall equallysurprised Thus Indian counter attack Punjab instead being culmination events words Pakistani businessman treacherous sneaky attack across international frontier naked aggression against Pakistan attacked India The light dissentin opinion rarely penetrate cellar During weeks I Pakistan relations India Kashmir issue never colunm headlines newspapers Generally three colunms several banner headlines None these articles analytical sense Pakistan position alone India position I criticism dissent Pakistan right Indlaall wrong In private conversations there equal unanimity opinion So there belief Pakistan smashing victory Indians though President Ayub himself stalemate describe outcome The result whlch matter great vlctory implications future national unknown unthought The government propaganda machine credulity people complemented other West Pakistan reportedly exception President Ayub handful around lives dream world Until early Ayub apparently lived dream world because could approved decision large numbers infiltrators Kashmir calculation Indians threatened Akhnur would tactical common sense strike Punjab Speaking lines write themselves stage Islamic superiority purity Pakistanis audience Pakistan The audience cheers actors tomorrow night repeat performance mirrors The Pakistani preoccupation India amounts obsession I Pakistanis contradicted A variety foreign observers sympathetic Pakistan general position adding along obsession hatred No I think should Pakistanis right their history right their Yet govern people becomes transfixed world thought realities situations existence trary competing views expect behave irresponsibly In fairness Pakistan India fault India frequently flouts Pakistan sensibilities Although there little reason believe example Indian Government during years including during planned invade destroy Pakistan there countless Indians government would cheerfully dance Pakistan grave They Clarence Darrow never committed murder obituaries And there vocal lunatic Hindu fringe Muslim blood reabsorption Pakistan terrtory I years right after rtition senior Indian leaders openly Pakistan couldn Lahore Pindl Dacca would asking rejoin India Nehru greatness treated Pakistan abnormality wayward younger brother should wishes advice None these postures increased Pakistan affection India faith India intentions Today Indian attitude towards Pakistan condescend Pakistan still expected English servant place Also Indian Government seems unaware political realities Pakistan Prime Minister Indira Gandhi recently internal political pressures Pakistan helped shake petals Tashkent spirit there little understanding Pakistan President lndian American President Connunist Americans tolerate Moscow fulminations Indians expect Rawalplndi radiate sweetness light Yet withal there paranoia India India speaking generally society Pakistan minor police state India press subject limited government coercion control ernment Pakistan completely controls press In India therefore there public discussion subjects relations Pakistan Kashmir problem whereas Pakistan terms there And India freedom produced dissent Although brave souls leaders public platforms press advocated Kashmir Pakistan simply In recent prominent figures advocated release Sheikh Abdullah elections Kashmir something state should In Pakistan however individual cannot publicly critlcise government signing Tashkent Declar ation discuss other subjects There other reasons relative rationality Indla especial credit Indians existing nevertheless A country population India minority small complexes Pakistan militarily vulnerable The successor state British Raj contlnent India prove right existence exp_erlmental state Pak istan Consequently India feels confident secure Finally Hinduism inject nearly degree militancy Indian political Islam Pakistan The relations countries helped ignorance country about other Travel restricted circulation other newspapers confined large cities stopped since Persons country think about other because politi united But their information years There little awareness India Pakistan economic successes militancy political outlook In Pakistan realize India development change there Hindu society better since Partition If these things others through newspapers travel their enmity might blunted Most persons I either country hungry other always accept neces appetite exists But predict I expect change because government easing present strained relations precede reestablishment contacts rather other around In loosening travel restric tions necessary exchange newspapers other public information could begin I happen however understanding become greater The obsession Kashmir India West Pakistan danger President Ayub stability entire nation Feeling about Kashmir strong East Pakistan I And East Pakistanls publicly angry national government Rawalpindl having India without consulting warning The Tashkent Declaration principal focus popular resentment West Pakistan The masses engaged against ancient enemy Hindus fulfill their promise their Muslim brethren Kashmir They believe winning cannot understand government agreed cease without achieving goals The question hears everywhere West Pakistan If winning Then Tashkent Declaration early January enjoining sides return peace renounce force settling disputes leaving Kashmir In dianhands Slogans immediately appeared walls Lahore Kashmir Ayub balls Students rioted The Mall Lahore killed police firing Five leaders opposition jailed remained there attacking Declaration Public criticism Declaration prohibited indicating dissatisfaction strong widespread dangerous allowed expression Certainly nearly everyone I West Pakistan opposed continued believe country first liberation Kashmir A Pakistani friend believes skillful politician might overturned Ayub after Declaration signed And another Pakistani If Ayub doesn something about Kash Several foreign observers summed common Tashkent Ayub stock goodwill public sentiment danger Having inherited tiger having himself whipped gallop infiltration Kashmir subsequent Ayub contrive losing power He neither ignore issue This evident seems government controlled press statements senior officials Daily newspapers devote space Kashmir India treachery continuing intentions The government charges India honoring pledges under Tashkent Declaration discuss future Kashmir claims great having again internationalized Kashmir dispute But Foreign Minister Bhutto careful speaking press limit negotiations Indians beyond which Pakistan would talking fight No hears Bhutto boast Pakistan would withdraw United Nations satisfaction Kashmir Pakistan Government reopened issue Security Council Ayub although denying government shelved gotten cause Kashmir called stalemate speaks getting along India Ayub device seems focus attention domestic issues In several speeches Pakistan should concentrate wheat economic progress which called guarantee national defense And I impressed praise received abroad being architect Pakistan economic progress Ayub ahead If popular sentiment Kashmir issue should somehow quiet Paklstanls should decide could their issue awhile Arabs Israel there would tability Pakistan But popular feeling Ayub might forced himself Personally I doubt happen although Pakistanis I country would again India failed their terms Kashmir But popular clamor danger Ayub The officer corps equal greater accord observers They argue officers first learn losses material substantially greater government admitted victory defensive victory loudly proclaimed officers likely critics Ayub fantastic miscalculation Indian reaction Chambh Akhnur attack The officers might Ayub astray responsible their besmirched honor these observers think Right there little danger because reportedly officers erstand happened during knowing happened their sector One senior officer believed neither ammunition spare parts shortages tributed Ayub acceptance ceasefire although competent opinion almost unanimously ofthe opposite Other officers I including battle hardened colonel believed Pak could today inflict significant defeat Indians although colonel admitted proved Pakistan could Kashmir force Whether present could become spearhead opinion renewed hostilities India I cannot guess The other danger Ayub nationalist firebrand might popular resentment against Tashkent Declaration drive power Bhutto first springs He generally lieved exceedingly ambitious although observers Pakistanls I thought present lacks popular backing lenge Ayub But diplomat He young There speculation Ayub might relieve Bhutto Foreign Minister because opposed Tashkent Declaration Ayub desire milder Indian policy Most observers tended think however Ayub would least awhile because might Bhutto Tashkent sentiment country Ayub chances preserving national stability position depend things Continued economic progress could mellow persons believe And further strengthening regional economic military relationships Iran Turkey lesser extent Afghanistan could Pakistan sense security might lessen truculence The saner elements Ayub calls those agree about Tashkent presum means important landlords industrialists their weight coming month India could itself ontribute Ayub stability showing understanding exigencies political Pakistan making attempt Ayub relative Kashmir This could begin recognition Ayub cannot sound India subject Kashmir When India trumpets Paki forgetting Tashkent spirit makes likely Pakistan For India something about Kashmir Something would presumably responding popular sentiment Kash actions loosening between Delhi Srinagar releasing Sheikh Abdullah holding genuinely elections But obvious reasons actions would risky although rewards could proportionately great Should India succeed improving Kashmir situation would I think refurbish reputation abroad would removed moral cancer great danger internal external security would greatest possible contribution stable government Paki betterment relations between countries The Pakistan Government favors honorable settlement Kashmir problem To Pakistanls means nothing Kashmir going Pakistan either conquest plebescite partition state Yet there rumors President Ayub others adamant If India wishes continent possibility consideration Pakistan foreign policy nearly other aspects national expression preoccupations India Islamic character Pakistan sought support allies widely concentrated Muslim nations It tried Muslim solidarity create diplomatic network Muslim nations Indonesia westwards particular regard Iran Turkey In speech September announcing nation government acceptance ceasefire Ayub named China several Muslim nations endorsing Pakistan cause during India Pakistan compete support Arab Muslim countries Kashmir Pakistan having Pakistan attitude Muslim nations should another Muslim nation particularly where third group Mus concerned And Pakistan expects other nations consider treat respects India equal before Partition Muslim League representing million Muslims demanded parity repre sentation India government Congress Party which repre sented million Hindus other Indians Pakistan relations Unfired States since early largely product attitude toward India Since early fifties Pakistan wooed allowed itself wooed United States order strengthen itself against India This perfectly honest policy Pakistan representatives bones about their Washington which refused believe being On subject those interested should consult brilliant I think series articles Selig Harrison appeared New Republic This relationship described until Pakistan became almost satellite United States In process Pak istanis slowly became resentful nation built higher about other The American government Pakistan bastion against communism subject America without foreign policy identity needs The Pakistanls their think United States should underwrite anything wanted Thus common Pakistani reaction American behavior during Indo Pak We military alliance Americans drive Indians country You The United States Pakistan American military equipment against India Pakistan China policy outgrowth relations India although officially played The friendship tween Pakistan China based expediency President Ayub several times desire their peoples maintain peace stability promote welfare region Although attention recently focused Pakistan relations China Pakistan first nations recognize Peking Madame Sun Yat Sen state guest Karachi Pak Prime For Ministers scheduled visit China June cause U S pressure Harrison Chou En visited Pakistan December The relationship grown extensive however since India China This proved Pakistan China competitor friend India weigh Was Pakistan scales Also American India alarmed Pak istanis Pakistan disturbed Indians Since Pakistan signed border agreement China applies border Sinkiang northern Kashmir which India officially claims unofficially tacitly agreed Pakistan established route Canton exchanged visits heads state increased trade accepted military least tanks fighter aircraft Among Pakistanls I think I opponent govern China policy The equipment Even there losses Indo Pak American wanted diversify sources supply I The government appearances wants lever concessions United States Ayub publicly grateful important against India Certainly street pleased China They stood during connon oinion And China rattle saber contribution negligible stiffened backs Pakistan prevented Pakistanis think India coitting strength against Pakistan Nor Pakistanis experience worried about China gaining influence their country We Muslims communism cannot become important persons argument I would consider fallacious evidence Arab countries where anything stopped connunism secular government religious Other persons claimed would Chinese We never become another Indonesia They confident Pakistan could Chinese without having farth Pakistan could China external affairs without endangering internal security Most Paklstanis I reason could should follow policy toward China relations United States includlng resumption economic military President Ayub explained policy The guiding principle foreign policy differences among other countries shouldnot interfere relations Consequently alongside sincere friendship China developing friendly relations United States USSR other This tactics Pakistan government summed humor accuracy young journalist Our foreign policy faces Bhutto extremist Ayub moderate It Johnson Humphrey gives fifty million dollars Some observers Pakistan relations China sensible behavior toward large Asian power Pakistan extensive common border trade diplomatic relations would normally expected ThinS leaving aside argument Pakistan China borders India competition India expected common cause against Pakistan reasonably wishes diversify military establishment sources foreign support these observers argue China Muslim neighbors entirely agents because their relations United States logical places The other school thought holds dancing China inevitably Pakistan seductionr argument You communist Of Americans I Pakistan though believed Yet I under impression American government thinks Pak istan present China policy would remedy uation should decide something Personally I think Pakistan present policy makes sense Pakistan point Nor there reason undue country inevitably subverted China Strong forces Pak istan particularly Punjabi landlords major industrial revolutionary peasantry resist strong swings alienating United States It first groups already counseled caution their voices heeded If entanglement rather internal subversion leftward drift feared I think Middle East precedents In fifties Egypt especially Syria trading extensively cosying Russians East Eur often heard X country mortgaged future cotton Russians Yet proved A small nation today repudiate Russia China wants Many Pakistan If country reach Communist Vietnam Hungary possible communists utterly government But short country maintain fairly close relationship communist nation without endangering either itself friends Pakistan position because military pressure Chinese would alienate Pakistan Pakistan useful China because geography Five hundred miles fierce mountains between China Pak border significant Pakistan Any attack East Pakistan would through India The situation wholly unlike India where sensitive areas Brahmaputra Valley Ass within striking distance Tibet II Because Pakistan China policy national interest quite reasonable dispassionate point I believe United States should accept calmly graciously The U S should neither expect enforce total conformity policies position diminishes influence prestige tries particularly lesser issues As experienced father advised after I become father Save things One things Pakistan cannot allowed bringing American retribution collaborate China detriment India A little speech making alarums excursions predictable persistence Kashmir issue attempt bring international opinion permissible But Pakistan allowed beyond saving gestures The United States stake India allow Pakistanis wantonly upset India development progress To control attempt control Pakistan regard United States several levers One could economic which Pakistan dependent India If continued large quantities commitments allow Pakistan continue already laudable economic development subject behavior result might Saner attitude toward China India profits losses would greatest those groups Pakistan influence Ayub The resumption military Pakistan different matte Pakistan originally accepted U S India Russians eventually weapons attack India Any equipment future primarily against India Thus American military Pakistan might someday fighting America economic India Why should United States resume military Pakistan To argument Chinese reply So It China interest Pakistan against India And follow because Pak istan receives Chinese China pocket politically Sometimes argued U S should least Pakistan maintain minimal military force needs internal security national pride This attractive gentlemanly Pakistan surely content force American foundation which Pakistan build rebuild damage suffered Indo Pak larger force elsewhere This apparently Paklstanis already doing Arms ammuni reportedly arriving Iran Turkey Chinese deliv tanks planes foreign military observe believe govern international market spare parts F fighters other equipment The United States Pakistan getting seasoned diplomat right limit Pakistan military establishment Every sovereign nation assess security needs But United States prevent Pakistan spendig armaments nothing beyond X percentage gross national product spending foreign exchange U S funds The preventive again would instant stopping economic Admittedly would difficult detect should Pakistan example economic development programs foreign exchange earned export spend placing money U S funds Some would certainly occur international relations system watertight In general however measure control exercised observers believe Pakistan pleasant country Pakistanis charming determined people They building nation difficult circumstances progress agricultural general economic velopment especially years Yet their history dangerously narrow focus Their themselves centered righteous It would unwise United States India forget Yours sincerely Granvi1le Austin Received New York September