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12/1/1981 - Jari II by Gary S. Hartshorn

NOT OR PUBLICATION WITHOUT WRITER S CONSENT INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS GSH Jari II Apartado San Jose Costa Rica December Mr Peter B Martin Executive Director Institute Current World Affairs Wheelock House West Wheelock Street Hanover New Hampshire Dear Peter Major changes Jari occurred since Lynne I visit GSH Perhaps dramatic change Mr Ludwig decision Jari Company officials attribute Mr Ludwig decision Brazilian government failure fulfill promises Mr Ludwig Non company obser point Mr Ludwig investment Jari nearly billion dollars exceeds early plans profligate spending management contributed difficult financial position Jari operation Management efforts drastically overhead costs include permission third party involvement special services civic amenities The ommer airline TABA handles airline service between Bel Monte Dourado Private ownership fairly common Monte Dourado contributes flourishing business Gas station restaurant guest facilities leased private parties However company still burdened medical services schools sewage potable water systems street maintenance garbage collection Jari pushing creation munici pality raise taxes distribute revenues services As cutting program number Jari employees concomitant decrease occurred larger contract labor force The mining divisions Split Jari separate companies permitting Jari approach break financial status Company officials state Jari Florestal would black million annual servicing Our September party visiting Jar included Lynne Mike Thomas close friend commercial flower grower Costa Rica Jack Ewel professor plant ecology University Florida Anthony Anderson Jack graduate student studying babassu Brazil Maranhao state We capably hosted Robin Collins forest management division staff Our Jari largely devoted visiting plantations experimental sites Robin hesitate hence I think particularly balanced spective Jari plantation operation Jack Ewel expertise tropical soils nutrient cycling Mike Thomas nursery experience provided useful infor mation Jari personnel Gary Hartshorn Forest Man Fellow writing relation forest resources tropical America Second Rotation Melina In I impressed vigorous regeneration melina following first harvest We inspected those melina stands soils found impressive Growth rates largest indivi duals coming stump sprouts Natural regeneration appears contributing melina volume second rotation Figure In contrast melina soils second rotation melina inter mediate sites doing Figure Growth appears lessening preciably after about We visited second rotation melina stands Munguba location Robin appear stopped growing Company policy convert intermediate sites eucalypt later section A serious disease problem developed second rotation melina caused Ceaocstsma canker causing fungal pathogen The fungus usually vades through wounds other openings Jari foresters found incidence cankers swellings associated pruned ranch stubs stump sprouts The abandonment silvicultural pruning appears reducing incidence Ceocss caused cankers melina plantations Even better control obtained light burning young meters burned after Apparently fungus attacks vigorously growing stems killed light consumes small stems The light damage stumps sprout vigorously after Previously infected stumps showing signs infection after light burning Leaf cutter continue primary problem Jari plantations Harvest operators numerous patches trees stunted killed cutter Until recently Jari concentrated cutter control sures first years plantation establishment Jari management policy intensive management plantations includes active control during entire plantation cycle To magnitude cutter control program Jari Myrex poison Jari gases large colonies Late dusty afternoon drove western Jari extensive system I vaguely noticed something different about passing trees Jaded dozens kilometers Pine eucalypt melina Figure I assumed straight trees different species Upon stopping amazed right beautifully straight melina improved Figure I recalled glimpse selected melina trees orchard these progeny those superior trees Jari foresters later excellent stand Figure showing about volume unimproved melina similar sites It Mr Ludwig never return Jari striking results first phase genetic improvem melina Jari Pulpi Shortage The power plant towed separate barges Japan Ro Jari began functioning month before visit hence toured plants This instructive power plant Figure Rated production modern Figure Above Excellent melina regeneration stump sprouts large stems right center This second rotation melina months index Jack Ewel Mike Thomas photo Figure Stagnated second rotation melina Because growth sites being converted eucalypt Jari forester Ing Sciadelli photo Figure3 Above Six yearold firstrotationmelinanowbeingharvested This fairly remain melina Figure Below Three improved mlina Note straight boles trees compared unimproved melina trees Fig Anthony Anderson photo Figure Top View inside control rooms energy plant Bottom Gary Mike plant cutter sliced stacked packed shipping frequently exceeds daily production The ratio melina about hence about pulpwood required the_daily production With operational average pulpwood hectare requires daily harvest about hectares Jari successfully marketed melina under trade JariPulp obtaining above average prices Unfortunately Jari plantations cannot demands The pulpwood shortfall expected until large scale harvesting eucalypt plantations begin Melina growing pulpwood excellent Because negligible growth melina poorer soils current pulpwood shortage predicted several years Pine plantations solving current pulpwood shortage because slower growth years pulpwood versus melina Jari foresters classified plantation sites GSH scale which index expected height meters melina trees years The index based primarily nutrient status hence fertile sites expected produce melina Most plantations Munguba Monte Dourado Planalto areas sandy soils index unsuitable melina These sites early melina failures precipitated commercial planting starting indices The prevalence sites within radius pulpmill seems exasperating Jari Management The selection growing eucalypt replace melina inter mediate sites appears risky attempt increase productivity Jari policy convert intermediate sites index eucalypt after harvesting melina later section analysis conversion eucalypt plantations Jari plans harvest eucalypt pulpwood years rapid conversion eucalypt planted since expected alleviate pulpwood shortage The mixing native woods melina progressed where slightly native species accepted Nilo Silva Pulp personnel accept volume melina without jeopardizing product JariPulp melina Current mixtures reported contain melina I surprised Cecropia trees after harvesting since early Jari tests indicated could included melina Robin relatively weeks moving pulpwood plantation caused Cecropia become impossible shredded rather chipped At learned Cecropia occasionally sabotage chipper In successful attempts overtime operators Of chipping machine placed metal inside hollow Cecropia damage chipping blades After shutdown repairs chipper would overtime catch supply chips I disappointed Jari native woods current pulpwood shortage Jari reticence exceed melina seems overly conservative technology virtually woods tropical forest GSH Heavier reliance native forest would probably risky massive conversion eucalypt Approximately hectares native forest harvested annually timber pulpwood fuelwood The fueled boilers generating steam tricity require As distance increases native forest Jari expects eucalypt plantations supply fuelwood Conversion Eucalypt According Robin Collins Jari hectares plantations about melina eucalypt It melina Management reduce melina total plantations intermediate sites converted eucalypt after harvesting melina CUrrent policy species assignment based melina index index eucalypt index melina index higher The selection eucalypt Eucalyptus deglupta tropical Far East replace melina intermediate sites dictated largely voracious demands pulpwood E deglupta makes acceptable paper command price melina E deglupta obviously selected because suitability humid tropics phenomenal growth potential Jari expects harvest eucalypt pulpwood years versus melina We particularly interested observing changeover eucalypt Robin staff showed entire spectrum oldest youngest eucalypt plantations variety sites Although eucalypt plantations impressive height growth there considerable heterogeneity stand height Close inspection shows patches shorter trees unable determine cause height differences In month plantation sandy exceptional eucalypts nearly meters surrounded poorly growing eucalypts mostly Figure To north excepti plantation eucalypt trees months A combination appeared suitabl melina appeared gotten eucalypts impressive start As colleague Jack Ewel The excellent thoroughly scarified permitting strong pioneer E eZupta become established The competitive ability E eZuta requires considerable preparation order seedlings start before competitors arrive resprout In harvested melina stands remaining trees brush allowed burned As suggested above critical getting establishment eucalypt plantation Company policies convert eucalypt drastically reduce labor force caused operational problems The labor force simply inadequate manually prepare thousands hectares planting eucalypts Ja ution mechanical preparation Some methods tried include After melina harvest bulldozers literally knock remaining trees brush debris allowed before burning burned debris raked windrows prior planting In fairly melina stands following harvesting bulldozer front mounted clears alternate strips eucalypts manually planted bulldozer track Figure Five month eucalypts sandy about scattered trees meters GSH Figure Jari nursery Sao Miguel produce million eucalypt seedlings planting season In alternately cleared strips eucalypt establishment growth In recently converted plantation rolling hills noticed eucalypt seedlings planted subsoil exposed bulldozer strip Without topsoil surprising eucalypt seedlings nated Even fairly level cleared alternate strips eucalypt tations growing similar sites prepared manually Complete preparation preferred Jari management because large areas cleared mechanically removal stumps permit mechanized brush control young eucalypt plantations We inspected hectare where burned debris stumps raked windrows followed separate plantation establishment eucalypt The seedlings planted about three months earlier difficult predict future growth Quite frankly surprised Jari returning complete preparation operation after procedure tried rejected during Jari initial attempts establish melina plantations The bulldozers knocked native forest pushed windrows burnin stripped sandy topsoil without nutrients topsoil planted melina failed In Jari started planting demanding slower growing poorest sites unsuitable melina Robin thinks bulldozer mounted strips topsoil standard solid blade however noticed appreciable still windrows Even appreciable topsoil sifts through tines severely disturbed raking operation Removal stumps churning probably destroys existing systems hence planted eucalypt trees absorb nutrients The question eucalypts enough capture nutrients before rainy season further impoverishes leaching available nutrients It important recall virtually eucalypt plantations being established intermediate following harvest melina Many those melina stands relatively structure volume trees accumulated appreciable stockpiles nutrients prior harvesting Robin showed month second rotation melina plantations already showing serious stagnation growth It probab initial growth spurt exhausts small reserve nutrients continued growth impossible without fertilization It should clear complete preparation intermediate sites exacerbate nutrient limitations growth I convinced rather eucalypt plant sandy intermediate sites Figure In contrast shallow rooted eucalypt develops taproot exploit greater volume As mentioned earlier choice eucalypt largely dictated pulpwood shortage But seems Jari management ignoring earlier ecological lessons current knowledge nutrient cycles efforts short demands Failure eucalypt plantations would probably cause indefinite Jari Success eucalypts other would undoubtedly increase wealth whoever Jari years Figure Pine plantation months sandy Stake GSH Beiradgo Early morning Jari squeezed brief visit Belradao instant shantytown sprang forth R Jari Most foreign press articles about Jari typically characterize Beirado prostitu early Jari employees Bemradao linear mostly houses stilts extending several kilometers between Monte Dourado Munguba Across river Monte Dourado Beirado developed additional buildings Our stroll along Beirado boardwalk street lightful shops school started slaughterhouse finished butchering We surprised array goods display automobile steering wheels refrigerators designer jeans stereo systems medical medicinal products including occult herbs Our Jari informed Beirado communications office provides excellent microwave telephone service USA We impressed bustling prosperous Beirado Noisy gener ators provide electricity public dispense water People carry market place Latin Dogs crawling babies trouble maneuvering boardwalk missing shaky planking Obviously previously employed laborers Jari _ha_v_deide Belradao Boat taxis inexpensive between Monte Dourado Beirado The Beira obviously count emergency medical facilities Monte Dourado young people Jari count dance halls rovide entertainment recreation Figure Main street bustling Beirad located Ro Jari across MonteDourado View schoolhouse right children happily entered building Figure View entrepreneur spices herbs native wares produce At right basket containing ducks Bottom water buckets Sincerely Gary S Hartshorn Forest Man Fellow Received Hanover