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12/9/1962 - Tanganyika: One Year Later by Ian Michael Wright

NOT FOR PUBLICATION INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Pound Cottage The Green Brill A21esbury IMW Bucks England Tanganyika One Year Later December Mr Richard H Nolte Institute Current World Affairs Madison Avenue New York New York Dear Mr Nolte A Tanganyika achieved independence Today first anniversary event Julius Nyerere assumes office President Tanganyika becomes Republic within Commonwealth This indication important changes which taken place however During spirit swept country The traveller Iairobi Arusha first impression crosses border Longido below mountain impor First Wold War battle There signs ledger which asked racial composition passengers under headings European Asian African Today signs ledger under watchful policeman order different African European Asian Wherever finds there assertion dignity being African independent In respects Tanganyika appears below surface widespread changes effected which alter entire structure nation For quite while Tanganyika leaders methods inherited British inappropriate independent African state these changes which marked transition colonial Tanganyika seeks African Tanganyika share problems during first independence Geographically alone country communications extreme backwardness great majority people hindered attempts impose strong centralized government What Tanganyika while realize really independent I attended May session National Assembly fully months after uhur____u impressed various indications meaning indepen dence burst members Although observation documented sensed Long before Tanganyika achieved independence become quite clear TANU masterly slogan uhuru freedom which quickly became political rallying al_so_ common greeting everywhere honored breach Even TANU popular support unable translate second slogan IMW Will traditional Masai society disappear independent Tanganyika Their determined resis tance change known Government which wants their poten tially properly developed Quaint custom allowed stand develo pment Ujamaa actuality Upon independence yerere obviously disturbed TANU intents purposes energetic constructive grass roots party Although fought effectively independence risen greater challenge helping create vigorous nation Nyerere whose determination social order hasten often underestimated resigned Prime Minister devote himself reorganization TANU strong political organization active every village acting weather along which purposes plans problems government travel people ideas desires misunderstandings people travel direct govern In short TANU nothing instrument build nation It clear article Nyerere wrote shortly before resignation entitled One Party Government TANU party would eminent formulation national At press conference announcing acceptance office Prime Minister Rashidi Kawawa Nyerere commander chief troops admitted bluntly would orders TANU Nyerere action written little political philosophy Last April however wrote small pamphlet called Ujamaa The Basis African Socialism which ideas clearly stated An interesting sidelight Ujamaa written English purposely translated Swahili although Nyerere writes fluently completed translation Shakespeare Julius Caesar Nyerere pamphlet attempt create national personality Tanganyika turning inspiration African tradition where dress history tribal institutions something contribute Ujamaa familyhood refers ditional economic system which everyone works either benefit equally throughout their lives Nyerere suggests modern modification traditional system African version European welfare state It person toward member should blackmail community demand share Good socialists always their demands within limits imposed society whole This closest anyone suggesting Tanganyika Way clearly accepted government policy In announcing Nyerere candidacy President August first Oscar Kambona Our clear building Ujamaa people democracy It search African pattern which dominated official thinking cause those changes which dismayed surprised The obvious example Ujaaa ltitude schemes which sprouted Government IMW Tanganyika tradition extends least anonymous historic covered paintings least three different elephant right TANU active encourage Villagers every where together voluntarily build schools clinics commu centers roads It Gowern little without overall planning control village initiative enthusiasm wasted Un planned often unneed buildings sprang country abandoned money materials arrive At schemes voluntary aspect quickly disappear become compulsory which defended tribal custom Usually aside communal labor those attend fined To reinforce system National Assem passed making offence hinder schemes In context hinder generally assumed Nevertheless there enthusiasm genuine effort being Much inefficiency ironed there considerably planning admitted schemes significantly affect Tanganyika economic development Their chief purpose establish people encourage Another important example African socialism proposed reform legislation which mainly affect immigrant ulation The Government intends abolish freehold title stitute leases nominal annual rents The object lopment leases include development clauses Although Tanganyika alienated almost Europeans Government officials rightly point country developed fully could By making development compulsory Government hopes increase productivity those reason another comply Observers generally policy justified because spread hunger those areas European estates Two other important steps directly encourage economic development At independence before IMW decision taken enlarge rather conservative World Bank million though where Tanganyika could possibly money Nevertheless senior British civil servant Don If bankrupt implementing someone The other legislation introduced guaran teeing investors right repatriate their capital profits dividends source In announcing Kawawa declared My Govern fully realizes unless foreign investor given concrete legal assurances safety investment derived reluctant invest In general striking trend independent Tanganyika steady increase power central Government This applies diverse areas local government labor cooperatives No doubt rapid development requires strong central authority perhaps argument increasing power Concerning local government No country which striving economic development forced likely natural taste internal institutions That taste acquired Recent reforms local administration direct Government intervention result greater control center Government TANU Soon after independence Provincial Commissioners demoted Regional Secretaries Regional Commissioners appointed their place The happened district level DCs replaced Area Commissioners The commis sioners TANU appointees report directly Prime Minister rather Minister Local Government whose propagate TANU policy They responsi projects schemes almost local party bosses Clearly object separate political administrative functions vernment which performed The Government called chiefs resign Detail A woman about their administrative posts retain their tional roles Many opposed designed example others irreconcilables banished remote corners southern Tanganyika their homes seats power Furthermore local councils process change Most tribal authorities continuing reforms initiated before independence transformed rural district councils representing entire district lation With TANU eclipse purely tribal parties Chagga Citizen Union often under strong pressure TANU greater local politics often chagrin district leaders sufficiently attuned local conditions Finally judicial system being reorganized In recent broadcast Chief Fundikira Minister Justice announced Government trying unify courts system apply whole country The problem trying bridge between western legal concepts customary A committee determine quickly Dis trict Commissioners longer allowed dispense justice hoped Tanganyika completely independent judiciary lowest courts highest Two controversial pieces legislation since independence labor preventive detention The former enacted after steadily rising strikes curtails freedom trade unions strike without approval Minister Labor leaves organized labor almost powerless In spite Tanganyika Federation Labor furious opposition National Assembly members followed TANU orders passed almost unanimously after little debate The preventive detention which greeted approval abroad enables Minister Home Affairs order detention persons conduct themselves dangerous peace order acting manner prejudicial defence Tanganyika security State Minister satis edthat their detention necessary prevent ducting mselves acting manner Although Tangan yikans generally accept necessity legislation Nyerere among others doubts about sweeping powers ferred Minister It contents alone which caused raised eyebrows method presentation As With several other pieces controversial legislation introduced under certificate urgency which allowed through stages National Assembly stifling cratic debate One talked about policies present Government rapidity which Africanizing civil service It specifically rejects localization which refers making availa Tanganyikans European Indian Arab until IMW proportion African civil servants approximates lation The speed Africanization direct result mendous pressure brought party workers demanding rewards their services This Government unable oppose effectively often inexperienced country TANU leaders offices departing British officials There widespread discontent about especially among British trained African civil servants unhappy qualified political appointees promoted their heads often principles impartial administration Others disturbed general decline Government services result their inefficiency It yerere himself doesn situation TANU opposition Working Dar Salaam lured unqualified ablest Tanganyikans Many teachers Ministry Education officials complain Africanization schools Today there fewer African secondary school teachers there years grams providing qualified American British teachers received important Evidently education ranks priori Africanization continue exist It excellent maintaining standards cation while freeing large number better educated Gov ernment service where white faces increasingly unacceptable Actually white faces Asians matter increasingly unacceptable throughout country TANU opened membership Africans expected after independence It secret TANU white extremists whose expulsion created months What bodes future clear seems after general election there longer European ASian National Assembly members unless nominated prerogative President under republican constitution Tanganyika often understand clear running independent nation proved difficult anticipated Indeed difficult concerned Nyerere successful reasserting control TANU valuable civil servants either Africanized before leading increased administrative inefficiency there indications tribalism increase evertheless Republic turning point Nyerere returned active political leadership President considerably powerful constitutionally Prime Minister For reason constitution considerable criticism probably Unjustly powers appreciably greater those American President In question Mw There really andle Kilimanjaro highest point Africa effectiveness control party nation Tanganyika still wants example purpose goodwill remain From Tanganyika judged results enters Certainly everything depends Nyerere years We people Tanganyika would light candle Mount Kili manjaro shine beyond borders giving where there despair where there dignity where before there humiliation The light flickered times still there Very sincerely yours Michael Wright Received New York December