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1/1/2001 - How Grande is your École by Jean Benoît Nadeau

ICWA LETTERS Since Institute Current World Affairs Crane Rogers Foundation provided fellowships enable outstanding young professionals outside United States write about international areas issues An exempt operating foundation endowed Charles R Crane Institute supported contributions minded individuals foundations TRUSTEES Carole Beaulieu Mary Lynne Bird Steven Butler William F Foote Pramila Jayapal Peter Bird Martin Ann Mische Dorothy S Patterson Paul A Rahe Carol Rose Chandler Rosenberger John Spencer Edmund Sutton Dirk J Vandewalle Sally Wriggins HONORARY TRUSTEES David Elliot David Hapgood Pat M Holt Edwin S Munger Richard H Nolte Albert Ravenholt Phillips Talbot Institute Current World Affairs The Crane Rogers Foundation Four West Wheelock Street Hanover New Hampshire 03755 U S A JBN EUROPE RUSSIA Jean Beno Nadeau Fellow Institute study resistance French trend economic cultural globalization How Grande By Jean Beno Nadeau PARIS France January From kindergarten highest reaches university everything about French schools beautifully untranslatable As education always swers needs society In France whose extremely centralized State resembles nothing JBN education taken miliar shapes developed rites passage serve purpose The bizarre product entire system certainly university level training school called grandes coles means school concept grande because these schools explicit function creating There grandes coles engineers chemists professors business administration judges historians In French univer degree match luster diploma Poly Polytechnique engineers HEC Hautes tudes Commerciales business administration Normale Sup Normale Sup rieure professors A diploma these schools brings honor graduates their families guarantees influential management private public sector Such prestige after grandes coles training schools However mitted grande candidates concours competitive exami nation requires three years special preparation whereas anyone pulse school diploma admitted university You might think diploma Poly Normale Sup sufficient ticket glory stars grandes coles diplomas The supreme prize diploma Nationale Administration National School Pub Administration famed NA NA training school senior civil servants Sinc creation people attended classes percent occupy tions French administration Each Prime Minister decrees brass positions ministry reserved batch graduates assured beginning their careers where civil servants reasonably theirs NA influence unmatched Half ministers present cabinet eight Prime Ministers three Presidents studied NA The influence school often decried local foreign critics creating mandarinate technocrats dubbed narques country little contact reality Depending criticism founded unfounded Decrying NA litist beside point since school founded purpose creating The chief motivation dreds candidates undertake viciously severe selection process themselves place Each accepted candidates chosen Critics attack school creating clique mentality encouraging intellectual inbreeding point But should borne NA clique unique whole country cliques As intellectual inbreeding exclusive France lites anywhere world reproduce within their narrow circles marked dislike indefinite pedigree A discussion NA vacuum therefore pointless because understanding workings institution calls constant compari other grandes coles university whole In French middle class disregard universities surprising features higher learning least undergraduate level studies In French parents their child university grande rotten The university finds mercy La Sorbonne regarded second What North Americans understand university hybrid grandes universit For example French universities allowed select didates The reason Baccalaur This school ploma rewards first years elementary secondary schooling constitutes effectively first university level diploma To obtain Bacclaur students through brutal exams third June Questions sults commented press Obtaining students nothing enter university The consequence anyone Bac begin studying France percent through It costs little money univer outcome uncer French universities always intellec shopping malls issuing diplomas Libraries notoriously close early students access books The librar professors In library professor Lec tures authoritative should suffice questions received Another thing univer Nobel Prize They likely grande Normale Sup CNRS Centre National Recher Scientifique which employs thousands researchers dozens locations In France academic system searcher nothing research research center professor expected profess You French university quality cundation hybridization Ameri campuses quite simply because universit something Pierre Deyon historian rector Acad school board Strasbourg 1980s This doesn French universities produce morons By reach master doctor level French university graduates survived parcours combattant obstacle course middle meant separate Oddly system guarantees The Baccalaur acreation Napoleon It meant standard examination secondary studies The purpose ensure people entering university grandes coles would uniform standard It condition being officer French civil administration He predict schooling would spread In students earned their Bac In It doubled again They million JBN excellence reason T revolts May history expression student unrest against Gaulle authoritarian government This really started uprising students against organization their university In French versities reformed November They granted administrative pedagogical autonomy meaning could wanted their budget create programs wanted This absolute novelty So novel years before actually entered national mentality Universities created their engineering faculties 1980s In summer announced troduction grams construction management Nevertheless autonomy remains relative Prime Minis appoint heads French universities absence provisions philanthropic founda tions makes institution clusively reliant subsi grants There concept mater And associations alumni giving funds found grandes coles The truth French universities factor progress French ciety centuries Grandes coles created reaction their conserva It began Universities produced armies theologians jurists bought their diplomas people could permanent government selves their heirs The French recipe disaster At France important country Europe budding dustrial revolution called better encadrement meaning managerial staff cadres frames managers In King created school civil engineering called Ponts Chauss Bridges Roads In Mining school During Revoluti university garded hotbed feudalism clericalism intel lectual conservatism general perception evolve until In French created school Public Works Polytechnique purpose training military officers rather blood This system diversi itself throughout century chambers merce created their commerce schools But grandes coles universities never mixed By American standards grandes coles private public rather petites HEC takes business students regarded The average Some these costly French standards dollars especially business But others public their candidates study dollars month students NA In dents attend these schools about seven percent university level students The majority engineering schools administrative supervision Ministry Edu cation ministries Industry Agriculture Defense their schools Polytechnicians instance ministry Defense Business schools belong chambers merce diploma recognized Min istry Education Tellingly NA under direct pervision Prime Minister office This function place NA explains great influence prestige spite relatively young It founded decree General Gaulle Institute Current World Affairs again always Since French ministries progressively adopted habit training cruits after selection examination People asked training ranking colonial civil servants train senior civil servants Paris explains Jean Fran Kesler author L NA Soci himself graduate NA class Jacques Chirac One thing coles common concours competitive examination limited number places These concours extremely selective candidates admitted schools To students attend classes paratoires similate doses philosophy history requirements In history eight hours class weeks And students three courses Preparing calls considerable investment money This preparation system produces candidates virtuosity according Jean Luc Castro profes Audencia business school Atlantic Nantes It The amount stagger learn efficiently All grandes coles students through It means untrained scientific model experimentation proof They trained quick quick La Pr represents There absolutely diploma attached study which means three years spend doing drill wasted candidates admitted grande Fortu nately grandes coles accommodate great candidates The typical NA candidate pares concours Foreign Affairs hospital directors With reason NA concours reputation being hardest France NA singular distinction requiring candidates least university degrees grande degree through preparation called Prep NA The concours parts written Written exams seven NA candidates They consist written tests hours economy evolution political ideas thought second language proficiency European Union Social Affairs Candidates discuss intelligently recent reforms qualified majority European Commission They debate place contract administrative They pages documents produce ministerial memorandum tions Those succeed deemed eligible Half remaining candidates examination stage The consists three exams candidates capacity speak second language discover whether actually anything about public finance foreign fairs social affairs Europe The fourth examination dubbed Grand O Grand Oral examination counts points first three The person question candi dates anything The purpose unsettle Ques tions notoriously unfair One former NA student I asked about floor cleaning machine Examiners panache In famous exchange candidate being asked nowhere depth Danube replied Under bridge Le Grand O public Other candidates friends Canadian journalists fellowships Ameri foundations listen At I attended numbered about When seated examination usher announced candidate Mon sieur Antoine Le Bout Ch Thierry Enter young black haired impeccably dressed I spotted corridor candidate because utter Like candidates Antoine Le Bout Ch Thierry minutes impress I counted noted questions during period Some waited NA services would Others aimed destabilizing Should inimum indexed economic growth How people there welfare What think piggyback transport trucks railways What elements personality would posting those could detrimental This struck exactly variety issues minister cabinet bombarded daily NA schooling lasts months begins month stages field training Prefecture bassy French multinational corporation The lidity NA teaching matter constant debate among students former students debate But field training received single criticism years history The reason simple markable The Pr ambassadors CEOs NA trainee under their involved executive meetings perform executive tasks speech writing working liaison carrying studies Students because practicality whereas standard French education theoretical grandes coles Normale Sup instance supposed produce JBN professors During their years Normale Sup students teaching experience class course pedagogy The practical experience Normale Sup students private lessons traditional sideline lucra concours obsessed society The NA field training product cumstances In government created school building house exist Since ministration great blood sensible start field training Soon however directors realized because candidates spent years bachoter cramming exams needed contact As former stude Constitution Civil Code cannot react miners strike flash flood After stages classes They administration prefecture control community affairs public management Through formal courses playing dents practice economic analysis decision learn handle administrative issues evaluate budget evaluate diplomacy In teams produce ominous group reports heavy topics energy policy agree topic interviews whose ideas Ahorrible experience Anne Ga Baudouin student deputy prefect northern Lille Through education there thing teamwork And individualists first class students unaccustomed promise All preparation since uncompromising liant individualists their lives NA students marked everything For class attend undergo during which pages material topic study produce ministerial memorandum explains problem suggests tions makes recommendation NA school substance Isabelle Roy charge Francophonie Canadian embassy Paris attended NA other eigners I other Canadians there mistake studying It about buzzwords languages If master proper buzzwords Every foreign student doesn agree Her German Hartmut Kramer Andersen Con sulting appreciated practical aspect examination memorandum In Germany university education scientific theoretical NA memorandum fundamental people shown problem solutions recomme ndations In foreigners studied NA since Franco German rapprochement between Gaulle Adenauer remarkable effort Each students countries admitted follow courses French students integration occurred Isabelle Roy Hartmut Kramer admitted Canada Germany students supply biggest contingents On whole foreigners represent percent ENA class which excep tional average other grandes coles below percent NA wanted foreigners reasons It allows Patrick No typical graduate Normale Sup Instead working physicist friend G Larguier opened private school cours paratoires IPESUP Institut paration tudes rieures Each students dollars diploma excellent drill matters required ominous concours competitive examinations screen coles candidates networking changing world brings fresh Early French government became scious danger French intellectual inbreed Most students milieu schools Parisian In opinion NA doesn essential feature Foreigners bring ideas perspectives there incentives force French students attention foreigners Foreigners questions French Isabelle Roy One reason foreigners chosen their country accord national criteria Isabelle Roy instance chosen Canada Ministry Foreign Affairs Institute Current World Affairs cruit precinct NA screens foreign imbeciles acceptance standards French applicants As result foreigners second though integrated others More importantly foreigners moved competition offered French administration their It though great American universities foreign students becoming professor So French fresh All countries schools purpose creat elite Harvard MIT Cambridge Oxford What special about NA ranking paramount As found chosen their laurels All NA students given graduation This nothing familiar broad catego Ph D Ph D honors praise recommendation publication No exact numerical between It comes total their marks months NA This pecking order translates picking order precisely picking postings fered The major number first Num It simple This system choice ranking exclusive NA Polytechnique grand school engineers ceeds exactly In medicine medical students chose specialty according their final examination Same school Hospital Direc except hospital This system offensive North Ameri practical French found break thickly woven network contacts friendship political sympathy personal affinity vocation erned appointment civil servants Middle Ages about The merical ranking system deemed Republican The absolute equality chances Job givers choice Prime Minister decree former students students choose Only comes Before NA administration nopolized families corps ministers rules promotion opaque Hartmut Kramer This system formidable declaration independence administra political The government corps Pr Conseil installed doing buddy buddy It ensures neutrality independence Conversely ministry absolutely about either The paramount The truth there categories narques The Anne Ga Baudouin Customarily first known botte The Cream Crop three corps those magistrate Conseil Accounting office Finance Ministry which assure profile duties maximum visibility political class The follow prestige Foreign Affairs All National Education War Vets It extremely people choices otherwise I I started I track either So I going career different those botte Unfortunately The problem manner which choices This ceremony choosing called Grand Amphi after amphitheater where takes place secretive rites NA certainly brutal Before takes place rehearsed eight times The reason simple every candidate changes choice entire selection available changes those farther pecking order So rehearse until everyone certain nothing Called ranking students director declare their choice their employment contract front their peers If major chooses Conseil rarely chooses because matters JBN first their class particular corps choice Other students attend In opinion ceremony perfect increase pressure ensure conformism It takes nerve strong vocation answer calling others recognize career option Those nerve booed ruthlessly Last minute changes though allowed create ritual school executives present ceremony discour behavior Astudent minute hesitations which perfectly legitimate yelled mercilessly hungry waiting behind Students expected choice profound personal sequences without uncertainties Therein spirit French administration As result major would inclined Ministry Health probably because peers would laugh underachiever crucify would repute through career Meanwhile Ministry Health probably student there In three students resigned NA rather This fundamental NA Vocations decided basis prestige matter quarter point Jean Fran Kesler And pressure moment choice increases Another consequence selection experience Over years ranking system favored junior students propelled highest functions All NA statistics mature students experience civil servants rarely botte This distortion comes young straight school hardly personal still master forming tests Mature students experience family house perform formal tests What weighs against candidates simple whereas field training takes percent their schooling counts percent With system frequent smart aleck Conseil Is Maybe mature student would better suited magistrate cases corrup contracts between public private But Napol First Consul durably reformed education Baccalaur college Civil Code administration structured The promotion inexperienced narques controversial aspects NA probably least studied In Paris I Canadian consultant American civil servant dealt frequently smart alecks NA He swore French system actually because brought fresh minds fantastic opportunities young enough themselves If If around As Old farts mistakes Because NA WWII version Jesuit College would silly decry institution Elitism purpose So question French This desire create extremely alien North American mentality This doesn lites North America means The difference French affirm Says Hartmut Kramer We elites Germany there It clear better In North America otion carries caste aristocracy sucks blood people In France Europe carries meaning privilege Being civil servant France means doing public It significant particular jargon NA former student quits public service private sector turned pantouflard The French lites They respect desire If fails change Your basic Frenchmen quick decry NA anything wrong country should taken grain The narques French always blame lites their failures The fault convenient explanation One purpose creation NA break clique mentality presided selection civil ervants But succeeded replacing clique another effectively creating caste graduates strong legitimacy comes selection strictly based merit The proof their incompetence total collapse which happened since The clique mentality NA active alumni association alumni another I viewed scene excellent documentary NA Miroir NA Mirror State Of students admitted NA students below civil servants years former politicians people professional experience below Institute Current World Affairs without afterthoughts Naturally means people reasons other competence The clique tality explains spectacular failures Cr Lyonnais publicly owned billions dolla business ventures during 1980s The president NA Prime Minister auditors Ministry Finance In fairness clique French WWII civil servants politicians produce collapse nature Ja 1990s Jean Marie Messier president Viv recently bought Universal Studios gradu NA And Thierry Desmarest president Elf fourth biggest petrol company world I think French managerial inbreeding other world In Wall Street Journal The Economist The New York Times realize toxication intellectual inbreeding monopoly French narques North Americans offensive people promoted basis diploma alone But remember NA created offset opaque rules And happen opaque rules motion assured civil servants still recruited outside NA At level Pr stance third NA Which leaves thirds there So blame NA naming iceberg It great proportion narques selves power Ministers Prime Ministers President The clique mentality plays particular administration allows French civil servants themselves leave retain their status civil servant political function elected This means doesn And Forty percent civil servants leave Since narques civil servants normal This narques operate vacuum As NA branch older bigger clique Sciences Po famed Institut tudes Politiques Paris It founded after defeat Franco Prussian purpose renewing Because Sciences Po courses pertain public administration social affairs econom political sciences theory Sciences Po students particularly prepared concours gerial position administration It school NA dominated public France since defined profile brightest public administration Most didates below NA Sciences Po Sciences Po monopoly NA classes paratoires Sciences Po clique NA My friend Thierry Leterre professor Sciences Po Born working class family managed himself admit Normale Sup tender order become brightest among professors I study He taught Ireland States Sciences Po The director hired because wanted bring fresh I first Sciences Po professor graduate Sciences Po The clique mentality exclusive Sciences Po NA branch quite contrary Graduates French business engineering schools behave It become fashionable criticize fluence narques business schools Poly HEC Hartmut Kramer Graduates strong tribes HEC graduates favor proposals HEC graduates against those graduates ESSEC another school versa If think narques behave wrong Parochialism Thierry Leterre Sciences Po professor study there He Normale Sup I admitted I became civil rvant study The place narques French society became visible foreigners middle 1970s first Val Giscard Estaing elected He narque graduate Polytechnique In 1980s private companies nationalized CEOs replaced narques They became visible The privatization starting continuing present their management spotlight again JBN being NA merit transparency The biggest French clique Parisians developed through centuries series measures official behavioral another clude strangers remote places Marseille Bor deaux Lyon Some these measures quite insidi I found I NA observe received candidates I wanted Antoine Le Bout Ch Thierry He Each esults posted second Thursday December P M But catch received candidates welcom speech morning their hangover So sucker Marseille Paris result would morning What shows outsiders sidered anyway But wouldn Paris since coles universities there anyway Sciences Po point There France Institut tudes Politiques about education public administration They follow teachings Paris students NA studied Sciences Po Paris You ranking Normale Sup there France Paris Nobel Prize professors In Engineering business actly Even public school system Lyc Louis Grand Henri IV arrondissement place students France wrestle admitted these classes paratoires Why Paris Because teachers lecturers where matters In centralized where capital government nomic center choice Add particu sense superiority Parisians people living desert France understand Paris somebody If France federation Aziz friend hiking graduate Normale Sup professor classes paratoires All school systems selective about French system hypocrisy The concours system supposed equality chances In order concours through school there concours admitted school Where studied marks matter because school reputation depends number students places coles Kids origins record equal others States Paris capital built swamp century there would Paris clique A French proverb Paris France But intents purposes A eccentrics theless break clique mentality Parisianism Pre dictably found Paris La Sorbonne created A Dermouche director Audencia business school Nantes Audencia ranks business schools De pending criteria Dermouche school For Dermouche structured programs brought mandatory immer which students study abroad three H gives profes research Algerian Dermouche study grande coles known monopolize entire management companies The petrol company Elf NA controlled whereas French competitor Total Poly controlled When Elf Total entire network schools Elf And equal underpinning called BNP double takeover competitors Paribas Soci G Institute Current World Affairs university He believes recruiting professors abroad others schools point professors graduate Audencia A rarity I going constantly comparing school other French business schools Sure Parisianisme exists But Parisian world The grandes coles system major geared essentially national consumption Under effect Europe globalization disappear certainly transformed Seen D sseldorf diploma La Sorbonne weight value ESSEC respected business Who knows ESSEC Jacques Vauthier professor mathematics La Sorbonne charge knowledge industries dufrance This agency created Ministry Education Foreign Affairs motes French higher educa abroad Before dufrance French relied their reputation colonial Where British Brit Council promote national universities foreigners French relied exclusively their extensive network French schools abroad association L Alliance Fran teaching French language The incentive creation dufrance sharp foreign enrollment French univer sities It In Great Britain Ger As US third Even small Australia pursuing gressive policy raised number foreign dents Mexicans France Now States One famous cardiologist directors cardiology Latin America French trained But their students Vauthier In reality foreign attendance false problem hiding within In numbers foreign students small It effort offset Much about students former colonies Senegal Morocco choose North American versities Chinese Europeans coming We trouble attracting foreigners because diplomas nothing Frenchmen Vauthier It problem label There exists official international standard about constitutes ideal diploma format After years French students DEUG Dipl tudes Universitaires G rales After third their first graduate degree cence They thesis After which enter cycle Dipl tudes Approfondies In depth studies diploma The system logical British American system simply never prevailed It doesn French there Silicon Valley But DEUG For country pretenses universality being alone something problem Internationally problem recognition acute grandes coles Graduates NA Polytechnique actually diploma status former student which means absolutely nothing outside France On their initiative In proportion looks serious proportion foreigners French universities mostly because number French university students doubled million years This because French decided percent should school diploma eligible higher education JBN began create label Mast This diploma meant sound English Master sounds mostly ridiculous Banana Republic Aside famous grandes coles attracting foreign students profes because small alumni endow decent bursary system their diplomas nothing outside France In reaction business engineering coles forming partnerships univer sities order improve their international profiles Oth merging leverage funds tract profile professors But change In years number applicants NA dropped sharply about thousand More significantly number applicants Sciences Po dropped Is people lured better prospects business Does government influence Europe Regions Or people outside Paris tired Parisianisme Or State power Probably above The reduction number applicants surest signs something changing France although nobody knows exactly NA purpose examination special attention motivation personality Regard ranking students weight given field training overall The problem exclusive public grandes coles business schools enroll stude second univer rather through traditional Pr channel And engineering schools starting engineering faculties universities created years whose students beginning manage positions Jacques Vauthier thinks indicates definition French lites rather their disappear As mathematician I corrector exams Poly twelve years I mission examination composed written tests istry physics literature exami nations gives picture candidate intellectual dexterity But human values completely removed Some Poly graduates fruit unable animate workers And being sought today Institute Current World Affairs INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS FELLOWS AND THEIR ACTIVITITES Shelly Renae Browning March AUSTRALIA A surgeon ecializing hearing Dr Browning studying approaches traditional healers among Aborigines Australia hearing problems She B S Chemistry University South studied physician patient relationships China Australia Thomas J Watson Fellowship M D Emory University Atlanta Before ICWA fellowship Fellow Skull Base Surgery Montreal McGill University Department Otolaryngology Wendy Call May MEXICO A Healthy Societies Fellow Wendy spending years Mexico Isthmus Tehuantepec immersed contradictory trends attempt industrialize develop along proposed Caribbean Pacific containerized railway desire indigenous peoples preserve their Mexico remaining growth forests With B A Biology Oberlin Wendy worked communications coordinator Grassroots International nation campaign director Infact corporate accountability organization Martha Farmelo April ARGENTINA A Georgetown graduate major psychology minor Spanish Master Public Affairs Woodrow Wilson School Princeton Martha Institute Suzanne Ecke McColl Fellow studying gender issues Argentina Married Argentine doctoral candidate mother small focusing genders which immensely important Italo Latino machismo Martha involved Latin America professional having worked Catholic Relief Services Inter American Development Bank Costa Rica Human Rights Watch Ecuador Inter American Foundation El Salvador Uruguay UN World Conference Women Beijing Gregory Feifer January RUSSIA With fluent Russian Master Harvard Gregory worked Moscow political editor Agence France Presse weekly Russia Journal He Russia latest failures economic political reform continuation failed attempts Westernization began Peter Great failures succession behind scenes elites Russia behind mythic facade strong rulers centuries He plans assess continuation these cultural underpinnings Russian governance Gorbachev Yeltsin succession Curt Gabrielson December EAST TIMOR With Missouri background MIT degree physics Curt spending years East Timor watching nation create education system ashes Indonesian system Since finishing M I T Curt focused delivering inexpensive culturally relevant hands science education minority income students Based Teacher Institute Exploratorium San Francisco worked youth teachers Beijing Tibet Mexican A merican agricultural Watsonville California Peter Keller March CHILE Public affairs officer Redwood National Park planner Yosemite National Park before fellowship Peter holds B S Recreation Re source Management University Montana Masters Envi ronmental Law Vermont Law School As John Miller Musser Me morial Forest Society Fellow spending years Chile Argen comparing operations parks forest reserves controlled Chilean Argentine governments those controlled private persons governmental organizations Leena Khan April PAKISTAN A lawyer formerly dealt immigration international business Washington DC Leena study status women under islamization Pakistani began 1980s continues Born Pakistan immersed Persian Urdu literature grandfather Muslim erself holds B A North Carolina State University J D University San Diego Whitney Mason January TURKEY A freelance print television journalist Whit began career founding newspaper called The Siberian Review Novosibirsk worked editor Vladivostok News wrote Asiaweek magazine Hong Kong In switched radio video journalism working Bosnia Korea CBS As ICWA Fellow studying writing about Turkey nexus between East West between traditional secular Islam Jean Beno Nadeau December FRANCE A French Canadian journalist playwright Jean Beno studied drama National Theater School Montreal received B A McGill University Political Science History The holder several Canadian magazine investigative journalism awards spending ICWA fellowship years France studying resistance Fren trend economic cultural globalization ICWA Letters ISSN published Insti Current World Affairs Inc exempt ating foundation incorporated New York State offices located West Wheelock Street Hanover NH 03755 The letters provided charge members ICWA available libraries professional researchers subscription Phone E Mail ICWA valley Fax Web Site Executive Director Peter Bird Martin Program Assistant Brent Jacobson Publications Manager Ellen Kozak Institute Current World Affairs The Crane Rog Foundation The information contained publica reproduced without writer permission Author Nadeau Jean Beno Title ICWA Letters Europe Russia ISSN Imprint Institute Current World Affairs Hanover NH Material Type Serial Language English Frequency Monthly Other Regions Sub Saha Africa East Asia South Asia Mideast North Africa The Americas Institute Fellows chosen basis character previ experience promise They young professionals funded spend minimum years carrying designed programs study writing outside United States The Fellows required report their findings experiences field month They write subject formally informally The unique reporting analysis periodic sessment international events issues JBN