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3/1/2006 - Calling Home: A Story About the MQM in Pakistan by Nicholas Schmidle

NES INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS NES PAKISTAN ICWA Nicholas Schmidle Phillips Talbot Fellow Institute studying identity politics Pakistan letters Calling Home A Story About MQM Pakistan Since Institute Current World Affairs Crane Rogers Foundation provided fellowships enable outstanding young professionals outside United States write about international areas issues An exempt operating foundation endowed Charles R Crane Institute supported contributions minded individuals foundations By Nicholas Schmidle March KARACHI Pakistan There schedule about twice month Altaf Hus leads rally Karachi Armed security guards premises beforehand speakers New York City apartments telephone cords jacks tested repeatedly assure maximum clarity connectivity That cause Altaf Hussein followers Altaf Bhai Brother Altaf actually Karachi Since followers became target extra judicial killings 1990s halfway around world London exiled number other prominent Pakistani politicians including former Prime Ministers Nawaz Sharif Benazir Bhutto Altaf first Karachi And another trend Sharif Bhutto since tried telephonic rally These telephonic addresses sound telephone microphone massive PA system When Altaf decides right local leadership party Muttahida Quami Movement MQM Pulling largely middle lower class mohajir1 dominated neighborhoods Karachi party according Dr Farooq Sattar Deputy Convener MQM Central Coordination Committee people hours On February I invited Sattar attend Altaf famed rallies walled couple blocks behind Nine Zero MQM headquarters Karachi The rally marks anniversary Labor Divi MQM cinema screen sized poster standing direction everyone facing where I assume Altaf would standing The poster reads English Stand Flag shows shadowed featureless holding MQM white green In background Iwo Jima esque industrial landscape cranes skyscrapers skeletal couple hourglass shaped nuclear reactors The reactors raging throttle spitting either smoke flames I grateful nothing about poster bears resemblance anything Karachi Even feels distant honks horns Karachi In experi usually least rumble antic ipation crowd minutes before keynote speaker takes podium Here people talking where hushed Church conversation Even birdsong louder Overhead uncovered light bulbs strung phosphorescent popcorn green strips ground almost smell fresh mowed grass Karachi never seemed bucolic It during moment voice punches PA followed throaty extended Haallllooooo Near total silence Altaf Bhai Brother Altaf The Great Leader Long Live Altaf Hussein The inside draped sheets adorned painted slogans praising Altaf Hussein One would think couldn sound London I convinced Upon hearing voice I faces smeared expressions equal excitement Local channels taping rally ostensibly later release I wonder Altaf somehow watching Earlier I asked MQM party leaders thought about incorporating video They tried Technical difficulties Now I starting think Altaf likes whole incorporeal mystique voice drifts towards terribly ironic because MQM champions grassroots middle class appeal The stage The members Central Coordi nation Committee2 sitting cross legged front Stand By The Flag poster On either glossy portraits Altaf They backlit stilts Beside larger snapshots These leaning grounded easel His outfit different though still looks leader There right front I It looks posed cross between local D A R E officer mayor Evangeli preacher New Mexico There however commonalities others First Pancho Villa mustache slicked The mustache common enough Pakistan clearly separates Second turquoise right No means Third right In every right clenched shaking pointing The portrait front staged obvious tirade Some others candid clenched shaking pointing right actually intimidating Fourth shades In nearly every picture I Altaf Hussein weeks wearing orange tinted Ray Ban aviator sunglasses All things considered looks revolutionary skeet shooter Can Urdu after three start Haallllooooo His voice sounds having picture I thought might It gravelly phlegm ridden Perhaps drank pulpy orange juice Or telephonic style perhaps likes He starts promptly Before Altaf passages Quran The crowd transformed parishioners When speaks docile When pauses someone inevitably jumps yells Jiye Long Live Muttahida Jiye Altaf I wonder handful diehards every rally They brief moment sucked directly Altaf world It They chant until someone hears beeping sound Altaf tapping speakerphone button Church voices again Welcome MQM The MQM publicly launched August Altaf Hussein first public address crowd several thousand people Karachi Nishtar Park MQM folklore mystifies torrential downpour failed deter masses It resolved Altaf Hussein could deter determination bullets would force ideology struggle Less mentioned MQM literature masked gunmen surrounding Altaf bullets fired Nishtar Park MQM coming party But their first public stint Not MQM officially founded years earlier predecessor All Pakistan Mohajir Student Organization APMSO active university campuses since And around Altaf really debut September Altaf Hussein leader APMSO hauled authorities setting Pakistani For symbolic gusto front Mohammad Ali Jinnah father country Altaf tried military court later4 convicted treason addition charges relating abuse Mr Jinnah Quaid Azam The Great Leader Altaf burning motivated APMSO calculated neglect central government toward ajirs those people migrated Pakistan India partition The flaming meant discrimination especially against those people campaign Pakistan meant failure Pakistan These sentiments building decades Af independence partition millions Muslims traveled Urdu speaking regions India become citizens Pakistan For first decade enjoyed great influence They arguably anyone govern Many Jinnah Western educated versed British bureaucracy uninterested turban culture reigned North West Fron Province Baluchistan When Pakistan brought their experience civil service British Raj Through Pakistan first decade mohajirs political scene October Pakistan witnesses first military The takes general named Ayub Khan Khan Pathan6 things about Karachi apparently wrong weather mohajirs Before moves capital seaside Karachi mountainous seasonal Islamabad This brings Ayub closer cultural roots ruggedly independent North West Frontier Province physically separates mohajir strongholds urban Sindh centers political power Ayub Khan ruled years before thrown office another general Yahya Khan Yahya Punjab characterized Pakistan other ethnic groups Baluchis Pathans Sindhis mohajirs regard Punjabi arrogance unabashed ethnic domination In election awarded parliamentary majority Awami Party Prime Minister Bengali leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman Yahya repeat postponed attempts newly elected National Assembly convene accused Rah secessionist politics eventually launched military operation Dhaka capital Bangladesh crush Awami League A civil ensued between Punjab dominated Army East Pakistan India later joined Bengalis East Pakistan divided Bangladesh formed For mohajirs significant event reasons first highlighted internal fissures Muslim state which Altaf Hussein would later capitalize second brought Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Sindhi landowner foreman People Party Pakistan PPP power Shortly after taking power Bhutto reinvigorated Pak istan quota system which originally adopted 1950s appease demands majority Bengalis July passed Sindh Language Bill The Language Bill Sindhi language study obligatory residents Sindh This Urdu speaking mohajirs residence urban centers Sindh clear attempt dilute their Urdu speaking mohajir identity The worst Although quota system place Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto further division Typically university spots civil service apportioned based relative applicant province Punjabis always allowed slates since largest Baluchis least But Bhutto Sindh divided further along urban rural lines shutting qualified mohajir applicants Bhutto ghost still hovering country Arif Abbasi former Managing Director Pakistan Inter national Airlines longest serving cricket official country His policies still affect industry health education banking insurance The MQM college admis sions process The dwelling mohajirs educated qualified refused admission programs based peared scantily veiled ethnic discrimination I engineering school because quota system Zaffar journalist Islamabad tells All Sindhi friends Many mohajirs similar riences Farooq Sattar So Altaf Hussein A after arriving Karachi I appointment Dr Farooq Sattar At afternoon driver MQM hotel Nine Zero He arrives minutes When I front white reeks gasoline liquid I pooled divots plastic floor At point driver offers cigarette I decline strikes match anyway I quickly window hoping either breeze evaporation other natural phenomenon puddles petrol In Nine Zero neighborhood traffic circle features statue clenched rising dried fountain color clouds Altaf adorns several billboards MQM flags haphazardly street I close chain drawn across dential street An manning chain promptly unhinges waves through A metal about girth chest blocks inter section A couple guards there They assault rifles They through Same front Nine Zero Farooq Sattar They expecting Follow And I through courtyard building hallway saying Central Coordination Commit sparse waiting The whole setup pretty No painted donkeys elephants local varieties politically opted No MQM campaign posters calendars lying around either The decorations hallway couple photo murals Altaf Hussein preaching One partic ularly dramatic It turned landscape style looks genuinely action It floodlit night Altaf right reaching crowd Noth hallway adornment In waiting there smaller manage sized portrait Altaf corner Then I notice clocks One Karachi The other London Altaf As anyone doubted where would white piece paper reads London People around Pakistan MQM wouldn anything without voter Karachi But without London I starting realize MQM could longer function While I waiting Sattar couple MQM enlighten entertain One faced mustache smirk introduces himself journalist He I about MQM Two minutes later hands No I MQM Still today I unconv inced Over couple weeks I consistently MQM events handing leaflets helping conference guests their seats Farooq Sattar enters introduces himself third person I expected someone polished masculine looks associated typical Hollywood mobsters You Ray Liotta But Sattar hardly taller might stretch He wears sport plaid shirt trimmed beard His though spots mostly color corkboard His however really stand They gargantuan relatively small stretched trying eyeballs falling This course gives certain attributes reptile slimy deceitful characteristics other reptilian acquaintances through years I suddenly realize possessed Minus Sattar reminds Dr Lippke collegiate looking kempt beard khaki tucked shirt dress Moral Philosophy professor James Madison University The difference whereas Lippke always looked simultaneously absorbed thought amped coffee Sattar looks pensive tired This because Not circles overworked businessman eyeballs bulge literally shadow I interested things Asking Farooq Sattar about MQM recent attempts refashion itself party downtrodden masses Pakistan trying coconut encrusted shrimp skewers stacked plate across The shrimp plate samosas couple sodas brought while Sattar I sitting corner front picture Altaf Hussein We shifted there photographer entered9 haven returned original seats where shrim Sattar doesn acknowledge spread giving fifteen minute answers breaking tions I hoped would through He rehashing history MQM about minutes before party worker enters Earlier MQM Member National Assembly MNA Hyderabad named Khalid Wahab Islamabad His supposed arrive Karachi airport minutes after which Sattar caravan MQM dignitaries escort Hyderabad burial ceremony As I thanking Sattar requesting another interview I would accompany Hyderabad evening The about hours restaurant Super Highway Karachi I ready Sattar points shrimp skewers samosas sodas tells package I shovel looking When Nine Zero streetscape changed dramatically Four sedans least three pickup trucks waiting The trucks according Sattar request Sindh Provincial Governor MQM member The truck covered elite police paramilitary guards huddle inside The guards cargo pants black shirts written Urdu I think something One standing through middle cover He wears motorcycle helmet rests AK The others their weapons their I Sattar It obvious usually travels alone tissues extra shoes floor bunch files shoved under window Seconds after bodyguard silent bearded front He points AK floor plays better banana shaped clips He clips taped together magazine holds rounds Sattar changes socks feels explain I constantly moving around always extra outfit We Nine Zero trailing pickups another behind Besides torcycle helmet others hanging truck swinging their weapons around motion We Creating commotion It about sloppiest motorcade I As I about comment Sattar about motorcade10 I notice expression He looks comfortable twisted sprint through Karachi threatening shoot people unless abandon their lanes This disgustedly watch police paramilitary standing truck bumper really getting On Nine Zero airport shirt comes unbut toned waving We airport People Farooq Sattar honey I distance before crowd unintentionally pushes Sat bodyguard turns motions forward Inside Sattar undoubtedly attraction The Pakistan International Airlines cargo office stuffed people Considering circumstances especially jovial But everyone ecstatic Sattar intro duces historian writing about MQM throw someone scurrying I anything The MNA finally arrives Islamabad Outside loaded ambulance A pickups entourage In terrorizing traffic again Sattar I really settle anoth conver sation until outskirts Karachi massive Al Asif apartment block district known Suhrob Goth The Super Highway blasts north Karachi Lahore suddenly turns rocky detour parallels Alongside detour covered Pathans survey traffic Behind flags rooftops I recognize neither Pakistani national flags MQM flags The common black white striped I represents Jamiat Ulema Islami JUI The strong black white stripes exactly parallel ground If I chief lawless pirate state somewhere south Pacific would perfect We ambushed Sattar single October Three months after MQM inaugural public rally Nishtar Park convoy MQM vehicles comes under attack drive Hyderabad party second rally Prior MQM debut Islamist parties organizations fueled events ideas money Afghanistan control Karachi According Sattar October attack response MQM rapid growth appeal among Karachi middle class Yet I later discover story April A college named Bushra Zaidi killed recklessly driven minibus Karachi Within moments descend vehicle The transport sector Karachi owned driven Pathan Zaida mohajir Ethnic riots break across MQM burning buses Zaffar Islamabad based correspondent tells friend counted burning buses More reportedly torched After Zaffar basically became The MQM We chiefs We willing gotiate accept Karachi The party violent After dusty minutes convoy through Suhrob Goth paved Super Highway Sattar requests coconut shrimp samosas Near couple juice boxes He clearly practiced getting these things I nearly mispuncture As sitting there I notice display mobile phones One picture daughters The other Altaf Hussein In particular picture Altaf looks especially swollen pressed against clear plastic I Sattar about MQM attempts present party Pakistan downtrodden I ultimatum issued Altaf Hussein January which MQM leader demanded government building Kalabagh Dam controversial analyses water people Sindh Baluchistan military operation Baluchistan Hours later Altaf announced demands withdrew ultima I But where leave I realize Sattar about MQM history I still where notion I historian The drive Hyderabad smooth By about halfway I maniacal security pickups speed slowing speeding When arrive Hyderabad madness erupts Hyderabad about million people The population predominantly mohajir MQM territory We crowd several hundred waiting greet Sattar I follow closely thread through gather underneath On young grown alike lunge reach Sattar Inside I think family friend deceased crying Everyone blank until catch Farooq Sattar We Sa handful other MQM leaders I sitting cross legged front several hundred citizens Hyderabad Now sitting cross legged imagine struggle turns I shade about flexible Andre Giant It years running running stretches consistently touch Indian style seating closest thing I nemesis knees point straight I fidget every witness I discomfort The joined front first chair brought front presented Oh I about mahogany straight backed chair front hundreds people sitting ground I funeral I I almost scene before I another chair coming through crowd And another Whew One Five Me Farooq Sattar The former mayor Hyderabad A couple isters provincial government Thankfully after assume these quasi thrones coffin comes house after being cleaned dressed It covered black fabric lettering Quran Roses With heave coffin lifted procession begins The first steps awfully rowdy There pushing bumping begins moving mosque I contemplate blatant violation number regarding crowds world And I finless being swept along under control Luck Sattar bodyguard close Whenever I begin drift reaches throws people aside waves The bodyguard Sattar later tells actually volunteer One hundred percent unpaid Just cause loves MQM The people carrying moving quickly after about minutes disappears ahead The preferred walking posture seems hands clasped behind works slowed procession No speaking Only rubber rattle hundreds footsteps We reach mosque mullah prayers It muddy entrance Five young formed human guard prevent people walking I understand doing first I through I course The procession continues mosque graveyard Inside graveyard there footpaths sidewalks Everyone stomping along mounds I Sattar bodyguard I where about I figure close People standing headstones There great dispute grave Yelling forth The mullah waits until speak The dispute continues In Christian burials things orderly Everyone knows supposed happen To argue anything would considered I partially comprehend disrespectful Here everyone thinks casket lowered burial shroud unwrapped Those Islam egalitarian religion probably never Muslim burial Finally after covered starts spiel He quite theatric I I entitled because I watch mullah getting carried totally space At dinner later evening I someone Is Islamic tradition pausing letting someone deceased No answer He forgot I feeling better When finally people pressed against windows trying Sattar He appears composed As start pulling explains modestly This people chance their party leaders About miles Karachi I calculate close enough Sattar couple tough tions If tells driver I probably catch The remains MQM terrifying reputation Extortion rackets Bookoos Killings In 1990s MQM government allegedly cause insecurity violence Karachi military operation launched against party leadership prison exile Since reports March edition monthly magazine Herald police officers linked operation against MQM untimely Individual incidents One observer simply The MQM militant party political Mahmood Sham editor chief Jang widely circulated daily country tells night dinner about squads MQM office during 1990s Five people would pistols We sending Keep column space Sham They increased their pressure Even though their being published correctly other parties Sham wears khaki safari spoken looks across table Farooq these meetings He knows Sitting sipping juice boxes together imagine Farooq Sattar involvement He after AK47 AK45 talking earlier about incident Suhrob Goth Still I question I think I start commenting Karachi clearly tough politics reminiscent 1920s Chicago I share famous quote Al Capone reliabl dishes every often whenever issue order street politics becomes topic debate With pseudo gangster smirk adopts recites I Sattar Capone You alone Sattar seems I extent thinking might characterize MQM political philosophy All political parties Pakistan militant element answers matter factly between slurps juice And parties militant Farooq Sattar looks different person presence Altaf Hussein The Great Leader telephone thousands miles In Hyderabad touch The night Labor Division rally looks timid He another parishioner church Brother Altaf There little intimacy between Altaf MQM public figures In August Nassrin Jalil curren deputy mayor Karachi longtime MQM member suspended Altaf having contact party The announcement publicized Her phone Provincial minis reportedly literally stand corner Altaf deemed misbehavior Allusions fascism again again among disgusted human rights lawyers journalists rival politi cians The MQM brimming slogans stand We leader destination He betrays Altaf deserves death Altaf rallies compared Nuremberg Farooq Sattar His chants amplified When Altaf speakerphone button Sattar motions crowd resume Arif Abbasi former PIA director tells secured cherry picker devices airlines cleaning plane wings MQM request Altaf speak After helped deliver cherry picker watched rally minutes It amazing thing Altaf Hussein simply raised finger thousands immediately silent Tonight Sattar The rally lasts about By Altaf sounds exhausted phone worked frenzy I imagine spitting place fleshy jowls sweaty The final minutes climax bursts rising falling growl There mannered MQM party worker sitting He leans ashamed smile You think crazy about Altaf Hussein In Altaf presence I about disagree TRUSTEES Bryn Barnard Joseph Battat Mary Lynne Bird Steven Butler Sharon F Doorasamy Peter Geithner Gary Hartshorn Katherine Roth Kono Cheng Li Peter Bird Martin Dasa Obereigner Richard Z Robinson Carol Rose John Spencer Edmund Sutton HONORARY TRUSTEES David Elliot David Hapgood Pat M Holt Edwin S Munger Richard H Nolte Albert Ravenholt Phillips Talbot The mohajir storied history Simply translated means migrant refugee Yet refers first dedicated believers Prophet Mohammad followed Medina Mecca A D Those accompanied Mohammad hijra flight became known mohajirs In Medina society around teachings sermons Mohammad It became first Islamic state Thirteen hundred years later Pakistan conceived being first modern Islamic state Those India settle Pakistan state became known mohajirs Institute Current World Affairs The Crane Rogers Foundation Four West Wheelock Street Hanover New Hampshire 03755 U S A About Author Nicholas Schmidle My fellowship focus domestic politics culture Pakistan national provincial level I imagine fellowship embedded grassroots identity politics Pakistan The chance spend years Paki presents invaluable opportunity combine undergraduate education philosophy religion graduate studies Loyola University political philosophy graduate studies American University international politics A number common threads through these experiences relevant focus people political actors creation identity through political action With assistance Phillips Talbot Fellowship I forward exploring Pakistanis separate multifaceted ethnic religious nationalist identities above means Pakistani Pakistan today The MQM policy making organ The given Muslim spiritual guide Sufi Altaf frequently referred followers Setting controls Altaf D A R E listen Altaf If something positive about military coups martial expediency justice system There three predominantly Urdu speaking regions Uttar Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Bihar People former mostly West Wing today Pakistan while latter East Wing known today Bangladesh The dominant ethnic group western Pakistan southern eastern Afghanistan They typically mountain dwell known Pashtuns Pakhtuns MQM faithful processing Altaf Hussein rally February I guesstimating heights Weights another matter Point woman grocery store I metaphorically speaking proverbial donkey And I hedging guess because subject threatening severe punishments I I usually someone grocery store distance In MQM changed Mohajir Quami Movement Muttahida Quami Movement It since expanded offices beyond Sindh rural Sindh Punjab Its efforts during recent earthquake applauded Most recently tried emerge powerful voice speaking against Army bombardment villages Baluchistan under quelling insurgency going there On February I attended MQM hosted conference about Baluchistan Provincial Autonomy Most leading Baluch leaders boycotted event members various opposition parties Baluch leaders including Ataullah Mengal sardar powerful Mengal tribe after simply trust MQM In Punjab doesn issue trust little known about MQM power Karachi Every I MQM someone snapping photos After I finish interviewing deputy mayor Karachi Nassrin Jalil special assistant walks through colored Raj building He quite calling photog rapher follow Every couple seconds points architectural landmark knows nothing about waits flashbulb drops The dramatic I taking notes stitched captivated I still waiting those pictures This first armed motorcade I watched effortlessly glide through thick D C traffic times least someone stopping traffic intersection ahead rather bowling through To these credit however Pakistan really heeds siren States People outrun speeding ambulance Yes Pakistanis better others Among surrounding Suhrob Goth story Osama Laden Bin Laden rumored presence around Karachi makes worthwhile anecdotes there little validate Nonetheless shortly after escaping Tora Bora Laden sheltered Al Asif The apparently landlord collect monthly group Pathans living apartment complex The residents normally cordial record paying But occasion hardly opened through crack asked landlord wanted When landlord answered collect asked wanted apartment The apartment Give price right replied condition never The landlord quoted Five minutes later returned briefcase instructed landlord never This story course subject great scrutiny whether accurate paints certain accurate pictur mystique surrounding Suhrob Goth The procession burial ceremony nonetheless The MQM night rally Today MQM party ruling government National Assembly It occupies number cabinet level positions provincial government Karachi relative because MQM reason Even Farooq Sattar fascist describe Musharraf government When I about inherent problems having party dependent person All MQM senior party leaders continue sustain MQM because encountering Pakistan fascist regime Pakistan classic divide system The MQM sense history Sattar tells beginning Altaf holding night training session party workers We studying different revolutions histories freedom movements Lenin Mao Mandela French Revolution This paying INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Institute Fellows chosen basis character previous experience promise They young professionals funded spend minimum years carrying designed programs study writing outside United States The Fellows required report their findings experiences field month They write subject formally informally The result unique reporting analysis periodic assessment interna tional events issues Current Fellows their Activities Richard D Connerney January INDIA A lecturer Philosophy Asian Religions Philosophy Rutgers Iona College University Hawaii Manoa Rick Connerney spending years Phillips Talbot Fellow studying writing about intertwining religion culture politics India described former U S Ambassador John Kenneth Galbraith functioning anarchy Rick B A M A religion Wheaton College University Hawaii respectively Kay Dilday October FRANCE MOROCCO An editor New York Times Op Ed years Kay holds M A Comparative International Politics Theory Graduate Center City University New York Bachelor degree English Literature Tufts University graduate Universiteit Amsterdam Netherlands Cours Civilisation Sorbonne She traveled written Haiti began jouralistic council reporter Somerville This Week Somerville MA Cristina Merrill June ROMANIA Born Bucharest Cristina moved Romania United States mother father Learning English retaining Romanian majored American History Harvard College there became women tennis She received Master degree Journalism New York University worked several U S publications Adweek New York Times spending years Romania watching emerge darkness Ceauscescu regime presumed light membership European Union NATO Nicholas Schmidle October PAKISTAN Nicholas freelance writer interested intersection culture religion politics Asia He spending years Pakistan writing issues ethnic sectarian national identity Previously reported Central Asia Iran published Washington Post Weekly Standard Foreign Policy Christian Science Monitor others Nick received M A International Affairs Regional Studies American University December He lives Rikki Andrew J Tabler February SYRIA LEBANON Andrew lived studied worked Middle East since Rotary Foundation Ambassadorial Fellowship enabled begin Arabic language studies toward Master degree American University Cairo Following Master editorships Middle East Times Cairo Times before moving Turkey Lebanon Syria working Senior Editor Oxford Business Group correspondent Economist Intelligence Unit His ICWA fellowship bases Beirut Damascus where report Lebanese affairs Syrian reform Jill Winder July GERMANY With B A politics Whitman College Walla Walla WA Master degree Art Curating Bard College Annandale Hudson NY Jill ICWA Donors Fellow looking Germany through ideas viewpoints contemporary artists Before months intensive study German language Berlin Thomas J Watson Fellow looking communist practi cultural politics transition former Soviet Czech Republic Slovakia Poland Croatia Hungary Latvia Romania Slovenia Ukraine Author Schmidle Nicholas Title ICWA Letters South Asia ISSN Imprint Institute Current World Affairs Hanover NH Material Type Serial Language English Frequency Monthly Other Regions East Asia The Americas Mideast North Africa Sub Saharan Africa Europe Russia ICWA Letters ISSN published Institute Current World Affairs Inc exempt operating foundation incorporated New York State offices located West Wheelock Street Hanover NH 03755 The letters provided charge members ICWA available libraries professional researchers subscription Phone Fax E Mail valley Web address Executive Director Peter Bird Martin Program Assistant Brent Jacobson Administrative Publicati Manager Ellen Kozak Institute Current World Affairs The Crane Rogers Foundation The Information contained publication reprinted republished without express consent Institute Current World Affairs