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6/1/1948 - Nusret Kemal Koymen by Richard D. Robinson

INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS RDR Robert CollegeItanbul TurkeyJune Walter S Rogers Institute Current World Affairs Fifth Avenue New York New York Dear Mr Rogers This letter largely based interview Nusret Kemal Kymen perhaps leadln rural sociologist Turkey He short stout little hiding light under bushel basket However admitted influence doubt Imene govern mental policy decade village Turkey He through Successful campaigns Halk Evlerl People Houses Koy Enstltutsu Village Institutes embarked another plncl regional plannlng He thrown himself these crusades vigor health shattered thereby acquiring rather embarrassing habit passing moments Nusret strangely enough being stanbul During impressionable early years bothered crumbling about great ttoman Empire Wy giant collapse house cards trongly nstlonallstlc devotee Ataturk beginning watched foreign warshlp through Straits considerable bitterness resolved would helping embryonic republic staud Aftr graduating Robert College Nusret Ankara there minor government posts This first Anatolia short range became fascinated which about nearby village During years NUset assumed recently Govern requlr person family names villageman Incidentally because confusion created these family names Istanbul telephones listed directory under first names source irritation bewildered foreigner Page RDR vlsited village after village He llstened looked doing satisfied himself Ottoman pewer disintegrated rapidly Thls answer later found expression master thesis written University Wisconsin entitled Village Unit Societal 0rganizatlon Thlswork embedles entire philesephy village Briefly censlsts concepts Irst society personality disintegrate second empire weakness gevernment celncldental urbanization It follows therefore strength nation found strength villages To follo Nusret logic I quote thesis In primary commtuities contact direct close space giving system specific integrated common traits contrasted amorphous contra dictory common traits seconda communitie which people carve personal integration The specific system traits primary community makes societal integration cultural material integrity balanced material civilization The community atmosphere strong gives societal identi fication individual develops guide cooperative drives Even animals primary group especially develop strong sense identification This great power primary community frightened observer because exacting social control cultural unity power ejecting conformers assimilating rejecting newcomers So electricity before understood utilized Any power guided constructive damage This includes villages country neighborhoods quarters As quarter Nusret writes villages transplant Tnls Istanbul oldest living world These wards cities character istics primary conunlty They degenerated urban mobility population brought Commercial intensified Political Industrial Revolutions In present characteristics primary community appreciable degree political industrial center cities nothing short utopia Page A played society village Nusret Whe greatest importance village development personality adjustment environment IndividUals material society primary community makes individuals societal beings Either child continuous contact least through portion babyhood childhood primary community integrate culture comes contact different culture their reflections cultural patchwork through frequent changes communltles In order individual societal adjustment happy himself beneficial society needs meveral things interpretation world events common community reaction patterns similar those community general situations predictions community reactions These conditions develop exist closely primary commanlty Identification primary community integration personality Many conditions formation primary community impossible Nusret objctions social mobility getting reach societal control coumunity habit woring amusing outside community He fires boadside against general It consider moder secondary community think activities individual based strife individualistic competition contrasted Ith community general interests continuoum direct contact common culture village furnish great potenti possibility concord cooerauloA against Doss against fellow orker illing longer hours everybody tries other whether business profession whole psychology other higher failure individual group Eood success other In village other every thing everybody equally threatens Thi helps strengthen existing feeling solidarity cooperation competitive enter prises This reaso carried final Nusret finds causal relation between urban ization decline villages collapse government cities Roman Ottoman Empires prime examples Of latter writes The Islamic cities luxury became imperialistic parasitic causing decline empires Islam Of modern Turkish Republic Nusret comments Turkey country theft developing policy society villages component structural functional units cities functional centers He pints Instance Turkey establishing state controlled industries rural communities He points AnXara xample which merely serve functional center I developed thesis length because explalns large mesSure motivation behind crusades pearheaded Nusret still His first effort present importance village repot popular education submitted Ataturk about This report apparently factor starting machinery movin which eventually culminated Halk Evi program Aaln I quote Nusret Koymen himself article The standard living villages which resemble molehills Because there connection between villages world village people living centuries Most villages modern connections railroad highways Against villages Turkey central offices villages cannot communicate outside world letter Because villages scattered sparsely lated without means communication establish stron centralized educational system people The difference physical conditions different parts Anatoli makes people follow different paths progress R For reason Halk Evleri People Club utmost benefit people These clubs or6anlze intellectual educational country without being entangled rigid rules regulations Let Save Democracy International Edcation Rvlew J P Bachem KSln I Extract article Nusret Kemal periodical Yenl Tur Mecmuasi October A hranslation People Houses Nusret Ankara early organize first Evi Istanbul first TUrkey return until This monthly magazine people handsome little called Uklu The Ideal Ataturk Halk ecmuasi The eople agazine Nusret Characteristic Of Nusret names appeared cover Every month inserted articles drumming village educalon He Evleri cultural adult eucational centers merely In eighth issue Uklu September Nusret recommended special schools village leaders His constant harping village education irretractable personality apparently irritated number persons Ankara after wranglin finally Job editor years service However campaign village education abate manner stream pamphlets During Rock feller graut studied TVA States rural exlce This helped prestige By fruits labors beginnin In passed Grand ational Assembly which established Koy Enstitutsu essentiallychools village leaders I going postpone further discussiau these schools until I operation myself I heard mixed reports their uccess The ltest umret himself under thorough reorganization following charge Communists active He concedes However general raction informed Ae rican circles seems killed initiative through removed teachers Strangely enough Nusret opposed distribution This exact provisions which ascertain authoritatively aimed dividing large holdings making peasant farmers oners aximUm holdings pereon family defined understand Nusret opposition based factors first there existed organization ilementatlon second pending economic crisi agrarian reform He further points there still exists Turkey onership statistics which might assess probsb mpact reforms I theft accurate survey being Government mentioned Nusret about collectivize working farmland least irklareli Refer letter O expressed Opposition scheme other temporary crisis He belive boundaries should obliterated hould evenbe collectively alone cellecuively I argument point reconciled statement quoed botom letter relative collective pattern village Nuset latest regional planning stock barrel TVA currently campaignin similar program He would divide Turkey reions develop constructing pcwet plants irrigation systems tranportatlon routes ports setting reforestation landconservation projects And indeed there seems Said I Convinced T could wealthiest countries world given opportunity necessary leaderhlp The great ratio population assess large consuming areas Europe Aim makes potentially However local newpaper editorialist commented While Europe before Turkey sleeps until In country untouched War Turkey seems incredible livin shoul rising whole series economic crisis rocking country cellectlve heels A months wheat Tay wheat shortage large The apparently Ollve added exported impertsin fmture I Production richest agricultur regions significantly recurrln flooas There Deep water ships instance forced anchor stream staubul small portions waterfront served Irrigation infancy Reforestation practically exist Soil conservation measures practically unknown torage facilities aricultural products inadequate likewise rural transportation Further there Seems little apparent incentive peasant proeduce beyond And bother In short economic strueture seems chaotic Nusret Regional lannlng solution production problem firmly believes U S Turkey should constructive purposes along regional pannlng lines rather being thrown could stepletms event However Nusret frankly admits campai Turkish TVA going rather badly failing miserably A friend former student Robert College currently Minister Public Works The inister refused action lines uggested Nusret ecause country interested regional planning would besabotaged Ankara bureaucracy which after spectacular short range projects which credit allocated easily indlvlduals rebuked official circles Nusret asked Rockefeller Foundation establish library Ankarm emphass regional plaunlng Nusret hoped might educate bureaucracy In event turned Finally three years Nsret persuaded Robet College course regional planning This belittled officials Robert College graduates almost invariably their there including Pr Minister entiy student RC At Nusret fires pamphleteering On little affair called Regional Planning lational roress published Istanbul I these pamphlets influence afternoon month while visiting forestry school Belgrad Forest Black Sea I asked about Nusret professor there interested pamphlet wished discus matter I sneaking suspicion theft these outwardly impressive reforms whether Halk Evlerl Koy ntltu emphasis given exterior facade expense worth project For instance I informed particular forestry school BelgradForestwich Imentionhasbeenorating since Abdul Harold In recent buildings rounds extended The equipment professors educated Germany And I result obtained behind impressive array In every region Turkey supply forest products behind emand In interior areas dried Burned cheating natural fertilizer In country where almost chemical fertilizer telling effect And elaborate raphs charts which I shown forery school I mention reforested measures taken check erosion subject under study school questions along evasive replies How different instance tremendously impressive reforestation project carried J panee Korea My dlffeing reactions vrlous phases Turkish bewildering times bewiider I On there seems brilliant enlight leadership other incredible supldlty bungling I pretend understand I feeling immaturity Turklah Republic historical traditions necessarily inherited Sir Charle Eliot recommended Turkey Europe interesting comments along Perhaps which actlons Turks small nature nomads The general impresslon European Turkish party tavellers occupied Let place clean enough taklng trouble about shall probably again Travelling generates immoral habit things place where going hours permanent reslden Turk makes himself comfortableIn whatever finds knocks finest fresco wants stovepipe through pulls Greek temple wants stones builds nothing immediately necessary repairs nothin Why hould He somewhere another house Eliotmaybe abitunnecessarilyharsh Particularly about modern Turkey The general impression I newly recruited bride player first Surprised Eind himself content 1Gsin humanly possible I hasten however means I imply Turkey alone suffering ailment Sincerely Richard D Hobinson Sir Charles Eliot Turke EUrope Edward Arnold London Received New York