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3/8/1954 - “The Philosophy of the Egyptian Revolution” by Richard H. Nolte

INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS FIFTH AVENUE NEW YORK N Y April PHILOSOPHY OF THE EGYPtiAN REVOLUTION In attached letter Richard H Nolte makes available Western readers translation Arabic article Lt Col Gamal Abdu Nasser which Egyptian political figure discusses philosophy Egyptian rvolution Mr Nolte translated annotated article March It offered Just originally prepared effort bring abreast recent events Egypt Its significance document revolutionary leader seems basic unaffected events factions personalities within Egyptian political sphere maneuver advantage INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Bradmore Road Oxford England The Philosophyof theEtanRevolution March Mr Walter S RoEers Institute Current World Affir Fifth venue New York N Y Dear Nr Roger Shortly bfore Christmas Sudanese friend Ox called attention Egyptian weekly Ak Sa published article entitled The Philosophyo vlution Lt Col Gamal Abdul Nasser My friend sequently article question I worked rough translation It seemed important statement qualified speak authoritatively Colonel Nasser Vice Premier Cabinet President Premier General Neguib wrote article important chief architect Revolution July continued strongest figure Revolutionary Council which really ruling Egypt The events Egypt ignation swift reinstatement President Neguib seemed interest timeliness xposition Revolutionary history theory hopes With I worked smooth translation Colonel article enclose Gamal Abdul Nasser office clerk As schoolboy Alexandria political career began Jailed political reasons Released demonstration against Government British wounded police bullet In dropped school enter Egyptian Military Academy commissioned After serving Sudan years returned Cairo participate attempt spring Aly Maher perennial premier house arres which posed British Rommel approaching Axis Maher King choice premier British tanks convince King appoint Nahas instead He participated Palestine subsequently brush Premier Abdul Hady cracking after assassination predecessor office Nukrashy Pasha Abdul Hady recall recently sentenced Revolu tionary Tribunal imprisonment commuted shortly Copyright Institute Current Affairs Inc after recent dissolution Muslim Brotherhood At Col Nasser member Brotherhood because Nukrashy organization Abdul Hady interest Nasser natural All supplement Nasser himself article clearheaded forceful patently realities In regard earned respect British conegotiators during Canal Zone talks More other Revolutionary Council single minded drive secure Egypt government national sovereignty If respect colleagues however Egyptians overwhelming General Neguib Perhaps something lovable about unswayably dedicated Nasser At those gruntled events Egypt Colonel Nasser their chief Whipping Sotto course Col Nasser daugh They passion classical music He Written apparently commemorate first Revolution article appeared three weekly stallments The first schedule about July But second three weeks third installment appear until three months after November It clear article highly contemporaneous document written under pressure events beteen June December It article tends ramble At becomes downright theatrical But rather condense I thought worth reproducing because wealth insight afford perceptive I satisfied translation reproduces author general feeling atmosphere article I having benefit comment Arab friends Oxford And apart unmixing phors straightening syntactical lapses I trans lated verbatim taking giving impression turgid exaggeration Colonel prose preference toning canons style After every language norms seems translation flown Arabic simple eloquence It seemed worth while comment Colonel footnotes In addition RHN The Anglo Egyptian Dispute useful The subtitles which mayJnot Lh Co taken Akher Sa In article Colonel Nasser everything unmistakably sincere There accept trustworthy evidence thing recent Egyptian political leadership group capable honest devoted general welfare lacking experience unsure their worth ability individuals members Council Egyptians forced Islamic reaction other dogmatic guarantee personal national respect True Colonel fellows appear share practically universal Middle Eastern policies Great Britain Imperialism perfidious inadvertent prevented taking pretty clear realities securing Sudan agreement going British Canal Zone question RHN And surely lacking right along someone could clear Egyptian situation without distorting religious patriotic emotion could sound problems which faced Egypt achieve great objective become strong could decide practical policies required carry unpopularity Colonel Nasser Revolutionary Council together General Negu seemed these specifications And brief space indeed With Minister Finance repaired damage Wafd cotton policy eliminated deficit account Egyptian balance payments They anced budget They Economist attracted first swallows returning foreiJn vement They students schools marked contrast ceding their school because strikes threat violence They implement social reforms limitation ownership acres passage minimum Above restored measure pride confi dence middle class Egyptians pretty assimilated western ideas about public corruption national sovereignty large constitute leadership public opinion group Egypt particular almost Egyptians general With beginning there years decades Egypt would achieving great objective But events which General Ne called summer shower Maybe seems washed I produced split tween General Council guess ground there Revolutionary regime stalled Canal Zone British decision agree Egyptian minimum terms evacuation except thousands maintenance technicians civilian clothes right British return event attack Arab state In General demands wider powers Council where majority prevails there probably disagreement about policy adopt refusal In having accepted General resignation Council quickly learned General enjoyed support Egyptians Sudanese In ditching General popular support their mission Egypt addition General winning support Sudanese threatened undone In addition those occasion dislike Revolutionary regime dispossessed politicians ancien reg_ime Muslim Brothers whose organization recently suppressed Communists suddenly found selves presented symbol rally around General In Cairo these elements combined Revolutionary swelled doubt Cairo underprivileged willing proletariat which stopped gunfire Even thetretS against however Council might control basis other active power Egypt But Frontier Corps heavy proportion Sudanese officers threatened mutiny there course Council General With swiftness movement which Col Nasser insists serving Council patched things Colonel Nasser remains Geneal c0mes moore power The Council inexperience One first installments apparently decision return elections parliamentary government summer Para doxically prospect cheerful It seems likely promising beginning Revolution scramble In light perhaps Col Nasser article prove manifesto future RHN GAMAL ABDUL NASSER EXPOUNDS THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE REVOLUTION Before I begin I should dwell moment philosophy It As I contemplate aware I stand before boundless world bottomless I sense inner trepidation which makes hesitate plunge without having shore sight towards The truth I about I avoid philosophy I think would difficult discuss philosophy Revolution difficult reasons For thing exposition philosophy July Revolution would require investigations scholars roots origins striking depths history people Because there discontinuities story national struggles things existence without introduc tions struggle people generation after generation structure rising stone stone And stone finds stone beneath support episodes struggles people Each episode derives ceding becomes basis still Elementary School Student I claim myself history professor nothing could farther All I elementary school student attempt study struggles people I would thing Revolution July marks realization people Egypt since beginning modern times government sovereign independence There unsUccessful attempt realize Sayyid Omar Makram movement install Muhammad Ali ruler Egypt people Another attempt failed Arabi tried secure constitution A number subsequent attempts period ideological ferment between Lite U W S6S t6ave itself final destiny Leader Albanian contingent Turkish Army Muhmad Ali emerged successful ferocious struggle power which followed Napoleon invasion Egypt Led Azharite religious notable Sheikh Omar Makr others people Cairo seeing Muhammad Ali champion against tyranny Mameluke nobility proclaimed ernor Cairo He promptly confirmed office Porte became founder dynasty which ended recently Farouk Of peasant origin Colonel Arabi military revolt against Khedive behalf Egyptian people demanding constitution parliamentacy government At first successful wildly popular revolution British troops beginnin British occupation RHN Arabi similarly failed And recent revoluti series Sa Zaghlul success others securing realization The Ultimate Roots It Revolution July place because happened Palestlnian War occurred because defective weapons drove officers desperation Even farther truth cause electoral crisis Army Officers Club In cause farther profound Had officers attempted revolt their account because thrust danger Palestine because defective weapons desperate because attack their honor Club election could called revolution mutiny would accurate These incidental causes Perhaps their greatest influence added impetus urgency revolution traveling other reasons Whence Revolution Let after happened after immediat Fi statesman nationalist Sa Zghlul sought deputa Wafd England treat complete independence GreaBrltain severed nominal still linking Egypt Porte declared protectorate He refused after failing Egypt claim Peace Conference Versailles returned organize postwar ideological economic discontents large Egypt coherent demand independence The British exiled Malta whereupon British violence broke Egypt British troops gradually restored order Sa Zaghlul released later formed Wafdist Party which consistent demand since complete independence Egypt The British Mandate Pal estine terminated May The State Israel proclaimed recognized U S other nations On Egyptian other Arab armies entered Palestine support Arab majority A truce early followed uneasy armistice which still holds ended intermittent fighting The fiasco Egypt In Club elections Farouk tried force election Major General Husseln Sirry Amer President Administrative Council Implicated scandal Amer nonetheless command Frontier Forces replacing General Neguib The Club defiance elected Neguib President whereupon dissolved Council forced Club change Constitution favor RHN years since revolt began memory recall first moment I discovered within myself seeds It before those November crisis Officers Club began For Free Officers organization existence active In exaggeration election crisis Club chiefly activity Free Officers hoped fight which forces cohesion organization And already existed before scandal defective weapons broke The Free Officers existence their pamphletswhich first sounded alarm Their activity behind uproar broke Egyot Was Center Our Dreams No began before It farther May which marked beginning involvement P lestinian War When I recall details experience Palestine I curious thing fighting Palestine dreams centered Egypt Our bullets aimed enemy kneeling front trenches hearts hovering distant country which olves ruled In Palestine Free Officers cells found opportunity study investigate meetin trenches command posts Salah Salem Palestine coming through siege lines Faluja Zakaria Muhyi Din We there surrounded outcome would versation dwelt country whose rescue given attempt Kemal Oin Hussein sitting Palestine lookin distracted nervous darting Do Ahmad Abdul Aziz before killed asked What He replied voice He Listen Kemal battlefield Egypt highly cedper 6fitedRgely hsine War trafficking defective weapons ammunition expense The Free Officers secret movement organized cells lines Communist Nazi Major Salem present February member Revolu tionary Council Minister National Guidance Sudanese Affairs He Elements Egyptian surrounded Faluja Pocket Israeli forces during Palestine War The stubborn defense encircled Egyptians creditable episode Egyptian campaign They until liberated truce agreement At present Lt Col Muhyi Din Minister Interior EEyptian Commando Officer Palestine War A Greater Fa Not I Palestine friends shared Egypt I encountered there ideas which illuminated ahead I recall I sitting trenches thinking about problems Faluja surrounded enemy concentrating formidable artillery bombardment I often myself Here these foxholes surrounded danger thrust treacherously battle ready lives playthings greed conspiracy vhich weaponless under And I point thinking I thoughts sudden leaping across field Borders Egypt I would myself Over there country another Faluja grand scale What happening picture miniature happening Egypt Eypt besieged difficulties hostility danger treacherously compelled fight battle ready greed conspiracy without weapons under Even E_nemy In addition companions discussed future country experiences which hammered ideas instilling devotion patience toward their execution enemy played arole reminding country problems A months I articles ritten about Israeli officer named Yeruhan Cohen which appeared Jewish Observer In these articles Jewish officer relates armistice negotiations The subject which Gamal Abdul Nasser always talked about struggle Israel against English organized secret resistance movement against Palestine muster world public opinion behind struggle against BefoF_e _t_he February_ The seeds Revolution present within The rehtpattern ntsih theOana euggeSshabe attacks against Briti military personnel connived committed present government Egypt This lends weight present Egyptian leaders regard Israel nation respected successful paign expel British emulated cancer which removed sooner later whatever With Rommel approaching Alexandria British vital internal order security Egypt popular government possible This meant Nahas Wafdist Party certainly King Farouk candidate Aly Maher Was suspected Axis sympathies Farouk Nahas intensely encouraged refuse Premiership The British tanks Abdin Palace February before Palestine before episode FeNruary after which I wrote friend saying What After acceptan happened knees surrender disgrace As matter I believe Imperial playing single threatening And Imperialism shown Egyptians prepared their blood oppose force force would given prostitute Because course Imperialism usual practise As event revivifying influence spirit sensibilities Afterwards officers about nothing except debauchery amusement begin about sac1ifice dedication honor chagrined because intervened despite their obvious weakness restore honor their country cleansing their blood But waits tomorrow close Some indeed tried something afterwards revenge opportunity already leaving hearts bitter anger sorrow The action drove spirit demonstrating honor required prepare defend It lesson lesson And Before The awakening earlier riots I student marching demonstrators demanding reinstatement Constitution I going around delegations students homes Egyptian leaders attempt unite behalf Egypt The National Front formed result these efforts I recall during period ferment I wrote letter friends Maitre Ali Nashshar In I dated September Dear Brother Ali I talked father telephone asked about He school For reason I sorry I write I could otherwise discussed phone Allah Oppose whatever forces muster But where these forces supposed pended King Fuad restored briefly substantially changed favor King Strong Premier Sidky Egypt years groing nationalist pressure forced Fuad restore Constitution spite British advice contrary He after HN getting ready The situation today precarious Egypt situation worse We point collapse death truly temple Of despair mighty columns But where someone And Well which I covered seeds Revolution within myself The burden hidden I found similarly hearts great others They their unable begin nings within themselves Isn clear these seeds implante conceale subconsciousness there generation before _ruth_ _vacuum I digression order describe reason difficulty confronting speaking philosophy Revolution namely discussion would require research scholars historical origins people As second reason I myself inside maelstrom Revolution And those themselves maelstrom Of distant details hidden You I heart involved everything happened happened I speak objectively about hidden significance behind I those believe nothing exists vacuum truth cannot exist Truth which hearts accurately which souls embrace Our souls vessels which everything contained everything everything entering shape vessel truths I humanly possible prevent altering shape truth successful I That question Beyond I myself philosophy Revolution So I leave history account outlines I others demonstrated events distill truth Asprati_0ns Measure_s_ So I I dealt philosophy I qualified about things One these things embraced aspirations which began vague developed fined finally practical program This takes early hours July The other thing measures which these aspirations vague defined practical program practical execution since those early hours July It about these aspirations measures I speak For I asking myself Was necessary July 19527 I already observed Revolution July marked realization great people Egypt since beginning modern times government sovereign independence But happened July neither military mutiny popular uprising given instead other force bring about Revolution I believed ideal military service imposes single should frontiers fatherland Why itself obliged capital fatherland instead frontiers Again attention Palestine defective weapons crisis Officers Club sources which poured torrent these things contributory speed before never origin But asked myself question I asked during stages program before July I continued during stages action slnce There various justifications before July which clear necessa We If doesn We Wehave Tyranny people nightmares therefore against Tyranny scatter dreams And depths beings failed discharge would failing sacred trust placed But I confess picture become clear until after period trial error after July elapsed It details experience which filled details picture The Role Vanguard I testify passed through crises since July which I accused myself comrades stupidity madness doing Before July I imagined Whole nation ready prepared waiting nothing vanguard charge against battlements whereupon would behind serried ranks ready sacred advance toward great jective And I imagined commando vanguard I thought would never hours immediately would sacred advance behind serried ranks ready great My imagination deceived while I thought I heard sound Serried ranks thunder marching ordered advance ceeded toward great objective I thought I heard sheer strength faith physical zeality could merely product imagination The facts became clear after July The vanguard erformed charged battlements tyranny It threw Farouk paused waiting serried ranks their sacred advance toward great objective SY_mbol the_Revolution How True crowds there But reality dream The masses disunited divided groups stragglers The sacred advance toward great objective stalled there emerged prospect foreboding At moment heart sorrow dripping bitterness vanguard completed ginning We needed order found nothing behind chaos We needed unity found nothing behind dissension We needed found behind baseness sloth It precisely these facts Revolution found symbol Hand Rate We Were ready So about seeking views leaders opinion experience those experienced It misfortune Wok Sie esting oteth great Egyptian thinker reformer Sheikh Muhammad Abduh I0 forward basis political program slogan Unity Order Justice He anticipated Revolu other regeneration Egyptian society could carried dictator Popular representation sense without popular viction support A dictatorship persuasion force could unite community instill healthy ideas Fif years would enough build necessary foundations representative ernment But without sound authoritarian regime fifteen centuries would suffice Every questioned nothing recommend except someone Every listened nothing attack other If along every thing heard killed people every there would nothing among corpses ruins bewailing Our fortune cursing wretched We engulfed complaints petitionsby thousa hundreds thousands these complaints petitions seemed situations demanding justice grievances requiring rectification logical understandable But great majority matters referred nothing demands revenge Revolution taken place order become weapon hatred vindictiveness F_ishingin Haaii_ If anyone asked those I wanted I answered without hesitation Egyptian speak fairly about another Egyptian To Egyptian devote tearing views another Egyptian To sense Egyptian opened heart pardon forgive Egyptian brothers In addition there confirmed individual egotism The I every tongue It solution every difficulty every Many times I eminent called press every political tendency color I about problem could supply soluti I never anything I Economic problems He alone understood others their knowledge matters crawling infants Political difficulties He alone expert No gotten beyond ABC politics After meeting these people comrades sorrows This fellow I asked about fishing problems Hawaiian Islands answer I I Don Want Boast I remember visiting universities where I convened professors order benefit experience learned Many spoke before great length It unfortunate advanced ideas every confined himself advancing himself pointing unique fitness miracles And afterwards would glance preferred buried treasures P diseS I recall I could restrain myself after stood Every ownwto perform miracle His first every effort And university professors concerned dents necessary basic position supply the___f__u_n__dam_ental strength building fatherland Everyone remain place exert therein entire effort Now forced circumstances leave normal positions order perform sacred If fatherland required nothing except remain ranks professional diers preferred remain there What I ample members Council Revolution I professors before being called greater these devoting their energies their I point members Revolu tionary Council professors General Staff College proof distinction field professional soldiery Similarly I refrained pointing three members Revolutionary Council Abdul Hakim Amer Salah Salem Kemal Din Hussein given exceptional motions field battle Palestine I because I boast people about Council Revolution being brothers comrades T_he Pict I confess whole situation produced tressing personal crisis But events which followed flection these events distillation their eased burden crisis within myself seeking reasons giving events I began under stand picture country situation ecame clear This clarification moreover brought answer question which bothered namely Was necessary July The answer beyond subterfuge equivocation I ourselves define given instead history country which Our crisis going through revolutions merely Every people earth through revolutions political revolution which wrests right govern itself tyranny stationed against social revolution involving conflict classes which settles justice secured inhabitants united nation Peoples preceding human progress passed through revolutions their revolutions century apart But terrible experience through which people going having revolutions Between Millstones The terrible experience result revolutioms attendant factors which Clash contradict violently The political revolution successful attain objective uniting elements nation binding together solidly instilling ideal abnegation country whole But social revolution moment first appearance shakes values loosens principles citizenry individuals classes fighting other It gives corruption doubt hatred egotism We caught between millstones revolutions fated going through One revolution makes obligatory unite another fight death forces dissension spite desires blackened hatreds thinks himself Between these millstones example Revolution unable secure results should secured The ranks which formed faced Tyranny Scattered outbreak strife conflict between individuals classes The reslt great failure Tyranny increased among afterwards overtly means occupation troops covertly means palace stooges Sultan Fuad King Farouk after The people harvested nothing except doubt hatred rancor between individ classes _Only Army The which vested Revolution dried Dried I annihilated because natural forces opposition called being great dream people cease their preparations attempt Thisswas state affairs which existed after Rev olution which singled force Job The situation required existence force which would cohesive contained apart contentions tween individuals classes drawn heart people force composed trust other limit force enough material strength disposal guarantee swift conclusive performance These conditions could In I remarked already defined events place posite closer truth The events their ramifications defined great struggle nation On Two Roads Once I aware since beginning unity dependent realization nature circum stances which oursel historical cumstances country Now certainly weren alter these circumstances stroke hands clock advance couldn control It within power stand history traffic policeman occurrence revolution until other passed order prevent collision The thing could within limits possi bility avoid being ground between millstones There escaping going through revolutions When example moved along political revolution removed Farouk throne similar thesocial revolution deciding limit property I continued believe right present necessity Revolution July maintain ability swiftly initiative perform miracle traveling through revolutions contradictory resulting actions might times appear The Will Fate When comrades saying You unity order English allow courts continue their I listened great crisis crisis millstones revolution which obliges unite phalanx forget other another revolution which quires restore dignity moral values forget I might replied deliverance preserve I speed movement initiative ability travel through revolutions monarchy abolished Egypt became republic On Au government announced decision ciple ownership acres The Agrarian Re Law passed September embodying Referring apparently prosecutions going against alleg corrupt members anclen regime under Where Did You Get It RHN This situation doesn exist bcause I wished cause those participated July Revolution It Fate instead history people stage passing through present But whatis achieve The truth I known answer first question I aware I alone knowledge shared entire generation But answer second question achieve I admit changed imagination nothing changed Also I almost believe subject about which neration differs widely There doubt dream Egypt strong That something about which there dispute between Egyptian another But achieve freedom strength Gordian Knotwe faced I against problem before July I continued constantly since The result corners hidden shadow become clear horizons obscured centuries country opened before What Is It I sensed since I began aware these things there positive action But action It might positive action written paper would enough solve difficulty But plicated circumstances besetting generation trials which their talons destinies country enough For brief period positive action estimation meant enthusiasm But changed I began enough merely enthusiastic oneself I inculcate enthusiasm others In those I demonstrations Renaissance Secondary School I shouted bottom heart complete independence behind shouted But shouts raised which blown awoke echoes which shook mountains shattered rocks Then I began think positive action would Akher Sa It appeared weeks after first installment title Why Did I Abandon Political AssassinationS leaders Egypt together agree single policy around crowds shouting excited visit their houses after another demanding Egyptian youth agree together single policy But their agree dealt severe faith The policy which agreed Treaty Bullets Talk The Second World War period leading fired imagination youth oriented whole generation towards violence I confess I trust Public Prosecutor political assassinations acted excitable imagination period convince posibive action adopt secure future country I considered assassination individuals having decided constituted obstacle between country future I began their various crimes myself judge their actions resulting countNy I would weigh verdict I considered assassinating tourage scoff things sacred I alone thinking And I together others ideas began translated thought action How plans I those numerous sleepless nights spent preparing awaited positive actions Our during period exciting detective story We secrets passwords shadows collect pistols grenades firing bullets dreamed about We attempts direction I still remember impressions feelings pressed along logical conclusion One Had Go The truth I heart satisfied violence positive action which appointed carry future country There perplexity Agreed ieade rsofallEgypian parti Te recognition Britain Egypt threat posed successful Italian invasion Ethiopia It Britain right station IO pilots Canal Zone bases years could renegotiated after Egypt return sponsored admittance League Nations admitted The British agreed troop evacuation talks failed Unity Nile Valley issue The latter resolved Sudan agreement early Palestine growing Russian threat changed British views about evacua Canal Zone This problem remains unresolved RHN mixed confusion factors nationalism religion faith doubt knowledge ignorance Bit thought political assassination which inflamed imagination losing Value decisive instrument effect positive action sought achieve I remember night which marked turning point ideas dreams score We prepared group action selected person cease exist We observed habits detailed We going shoot returned night We attack group shooting covering force protect attack group third group organize getaway The appointed night I attack group Everything according Cries Pursued Me As anticipated field clear The squads concealed themselves their chosen positions marked bullets direction The execution squad withdrew while covering force protected retreat getaway safety began I started motor drove theater positive action organized But suddenly there resounded sounds screaming lamentation wailing woman crying continuous agitated Submerged excited impres sions I carried swiftly But strange thing happened The sounds continued hearing screams lamentation wailing agitated calls I farther sounds could possibly reach still continued attached chasing I arrived house threw myself furor unceasing turmoil heart conscience The sounds screaming lamentation wailing calls continued Tho Nigh I sleep night I remained smoking cigarette after another trying collect excited thoughts scattered sounds pursuing Was I right I answered myself conviction I acted country Were these possible means I replied doubt What could Is really possible change future country eliminating person problem deeper I myself perplexity I almost think problem deeper We dream Of glory nation But which important eliminate those ought eliminated bring forward those should brought forward I myself while light permeated crowded thoughts No important thing bring forward those needed dream glory nation necessary build glory I asked myself while continuing bedroom smoke crowdin impressions Therefore I shout Therefore And I myself conviction Therefore change methods This positive action The problem roots going deeper It greater importance profound And I sensed serene inner peace But seren shattered sounds screams lamentation wailing calls echoes which never stopped sounding To surprise I found myself saying I Hoesn Strange It almost daybreak there I hoping I wanted evening before would I hurried anxiously morning paper I I planned assassinate danger The Search Action But problem The fundamental problem discover positive action From thinking began something important deeply rooted profound We began trace first lines picture clear during early hours July revolution flowing heart people champion hopes completion earlier steps along freedom I began phase questions I What omplish What achieve I earlier answer first question which entire nation shared As second achieve subject discussion right July Sin steep But happened July everything wanted RHN aChieve The answer certainly negative first The truth success July deceive suggest hopes already achieved spring No truth perhaps quite reverse And every moment which carried Revolution for_ward victory brought heavy burden leaving carelessly shoulders I first installment exposition I imagined before July whole nation ready prepared waited vanguard charge front battlements whereupon nation would behind solid ranks ordered advancing And I I imagined vanguard would require moments motion advance ordered ranks I first installment picture sension chaos hatred greed which loosed those moments everybody trying egotistically Revolution secure selfish objectives And I always cruelest shock I admit I should anticipated happened would happen It impossible achieve dreams simply pushing electric button It impossible blink eliminate residue centuries iment generations How EasY She Blood It would right along spill blood people twenty thirty instill hesitant persons forcing swallow their greeds hatreds passions But could course I accustomed think method overcome difficulty matter discover causes It would unjust institute blood without examining historical circumstances through which people passed which these tendencies today I earlier I history professor nothing could farther I elementary school student I would Return Past Fate decreed should crossroads world Many times channel invasion passed through vicissi prize adventurers tudes impossible analyze underlying factors souls people withou giving respect sideration cannot shrug history Pharaonic In Egypt subsequent inmixing Hellenistic spirit We cannot neglect Roman invasion penetration Islam waves Arab immigration followed Moreover dwell length history during Middle Ages vicissitudes period which chiefly today If Crusades beginning Renaissance Europe beginning Dark Ages country Our people alone burden Crusades We And emerged destitute exhausted Egypt forced knees struggle fated suffer further indignity under hooves cavalry early Mongol tyrants They Egypt slaves murdered their rulers became rulers themselves kings They slaves oodand peaceful Tyranny oppression hallmark their during which Egypt lived centuries norance Our country became wilderness ruled carnivorous beasts Mamelukes regarding their their booty which struggle ferociously among themselves Our wealth spirit booty Persian conquest B C Alexander Great invaded introducing Hellenistic culture leaving behind Ptolemaic successors The Cleopatra together Roman lover Antony Egypt Augustus Caesar naval battle Actium B C A flourishing Christianized province Romano Byzantine Empire nearly seven centuries Egypt A D Arab troops second Caliph Islam Omar Khattab whose began years after death Prophet Perhaps author exaggerates little Certainly fighting during Crusades there seven expeditions during period place coastal Frankish kingdoms Levant behind Syria Palestine Fatimid Egypt involved directly although Egyptian troops naval forces involved initially defense Fatimite Palestine In Egypt invaded Franks Fatimids asked their Ayyubid rescuers notably Saladin Egypt From Egypt burden struggle terms money ships troops leader Brought originally staff Ayyubid armies mamelukes slaves central Asia wound control Egypt result Crusade invasion Latin Levant Residue Past Sometimes I turning pages history I sense tearing grief spectacle period We domain feudal tyrants xcept lifeblood veins extract remnants sense strength honor leave depths souls stigma which fight overcome This frequently provides explanation aspects political Many people example position spectators viewing Revolution diversion struggle outcome which little interest either Sometimes I rebel against attitude demand myself comrades forward Why their hiding places order speak I explanation residue Mameluke The Mameluke nobility fight gallop their horses streets while people their houses bolting their doors behind order escape strife which their concern Sometimes seems prone resort imagination We charge itwith securing flight fancy desire indulge ourselves overlong impede attempt secure desire Many Egyptians gotten attitude assimilated country their country rulers wielders public opinion command Once I tried meaning phrase I chant child whenever I airplane I shout Oh Almighty Oh Almighty Ya Azeez Ya Azeez Disaster English Dahiya takhud Ingleez Later I inherited expression forefathers Mamelukes It spring opposition English rather adaptation expressing feelins Tyranny underlying constant names changed Our forefathers Oh Lord Oh Self Revealed Ya Rabb Ya Mutajelli Annihilate Ottomans Ahlik Uthmanli Turkish Mongo maintained their untJ_l Their Circassian slaves recruited military purposes during century Bahri exactly Bahris rcruited during Ayyubid became mount Burji Mamelukes Egypt rested Ottoman Turks whose dominion lasted until British declared protectorate Egypt early First World War In later stages Ottoman Mameluke feudal nobility increasingly ascendant Egypt until Muhammad Ali wiped RHN Drive Stor_m_S And feelings current meaning changed The English simply replaced Ottomans political changes Egypt between And happened after Mamelukes The French expediti smashed curtain which Mongols erected around deluged ideas Horizons opened which before The fmily Muhammad All habits Mamelukes although tried clothe garments century Our association Europe began again world The reawakening began awoke crisis We speak whose spent closed The intensi until breathing person almost strangles Sud denly storm blows which breaks windows doors blast chills person covered sweat He needed breath But powerful oosed against brings fever whose claws cluth exhausted This happened whole society experience fraught dangers European ociety through orderly development crossing bridge between period Renaissance Middle Ages century gradual connecting stages But everything We living behind curtain suddenly collapsed We world withdrawn affairs especially after commercial traffic East began route around Cape Good Hope And suddenly became object series victories Napoleon major England His decision attack English India quired prior conquest Egypt which speedily accom plished crushing Mamelukes Battle Pyramids A later Nelson British squadron destroyed Napoleon fleet Alexandria His bottled Egypt Napoleon escaped France A British force landed Eyot after halfhearted resistance French troops surrendered The British forces withdrew Treaty Amiens leaving behind Mamelukes Turks Alban locked cutthroat battle control Mongol seems epithet scriptive The later Mamelukes Circassian origin See footnote European ambition springboard European coloniza south Waves ideas loosed without having journey which would brought point where ready receive Our spirits continued captivity century though there appeared manifestations century Our talities tried overtake caravan human progress starting point centuries behind The journey exhausting frightening fearful A _Society_thtiS Crystallizing There doubt situation responsible strong united public opinion country differences between individuals great between genera tions great result There I complaining people wanted couldn agree together given follow realization I asking impossible I equation actual cumstances society We society which crystallized which continues ferment agitated which settled taken final shape which development caught nations preceded Without intending flatter I believe people nonetheless wrought miracle It would society exposed circumstances exposed entirely possible waves which poured would washed another society But against violent shaking True almost balance certain occasions generally speaking fallen ground Occasionally I glance average Egyptian family among thousands inhabit Cairo The father example turbaned peasant coming heart The mother descended Turkish stock The family schools organized English pattern Whe daughrs schools French All mixed spirit century externals I understanding confusion disorder besetting And I myself This society crystallize become powerful united homogeneous But nerves endure period transition These origins which present cumstances emanate sources which present crises If problems economic revolu going through those political revolution which removed Farouk which freedom country foreign troops together clearer conception position exposed every blows victim storms lightning thunder On would monstrous impose blood W I The_nr What What As freedom political economic As protector Protector specified period period fixed limit Our people caravan following marked trail The stretches before difficulties highway robbers mirage ready mislead And caravan scattered every group going random every individual different direction To continue parallel mission situation round wanderers scattered groups order right track leave moving forward right direction This I conceive other terms I would surprised solve problems country assume wecould would presuming We ability experience Our simply supply waymarks I bring strays where possible journey bring those after mirage convincing emptiness their delusions I aware right start never accomplished expense popularity It necessary plainly address ourselves minds whereas those preceded acCustomed delusions people wanted How appeal emotions people difficult appeal their minds We share emotions minds widest differences contrasts No wonder politicians being clever enough realize truth turned emotions shunned intelligence leaving wander aimlessly desert We could We could filled people great words compounded delusion imagination could forced number fanciful blind organized actions which preparation could shout themselves hoarse Ya Azeez Ya Azeez RHN Dahiya takhud lngleez exactly forefathers Mamelukes nothing But mission which F entrusted Nhat could really achieved followed course I observed first installment article success Revolution based awareness realities confronting ability swiftly I would necessary Revolution itself captivity flashing phrases believes necessary matter price terms popularity public acclaim If failed trust leaders Revolution This Our Role Frequently people But whole nation angry To remark I always reply The anger people important thing situa The question angers nation I realize angered large landowners But possible anger abandon untry There among those possess thousands acres there piece ground buried I realize angered politicians regime But possible anger leave nation their greed corruption their struggles fruits power I realize angered great officials But possible continue devote national budget salaries officials unable earmark million pounds construc projects What opened treasury others allotted funds officials You after would deluge The would around Government would totally unable salaries officials Nothing would easier please these people There about miiiib acresof weait Egypt under cultivation Before Agrarian Reform Law began implemented there about landowners As again Two million landowners acres considered sufficient afford minimum standard living peasant family Owned landowners constituting those The problem compounded yearly agricultural increased slowly whereas population Egypt million increasing million every three years RHN other people their displeasure price which nation hopes future their displeasure risked The Past Future Our defined history nation cannot avoid playing matter price We mistake understanding nature duties imposes We Wremoved former without consulting anyone because obstacle progress caravan We began plans expelling EngliSh Egypt because their existence blocks progress leads astray These steps reform legacy misfortunes steps which which endured every thing When discussion turns future monopoly alone For responsible polit future number leaders opinion various classes principles Make constitution country which preserve things sacred A committee draft constitution Was result Because responsibility economic future eminent professors experts various aspects conomics Organize being country guarantee daily bread every habitant As result economic council formed These limits beyond which whatever rocks obstacles This The future every field anyone ideas skill It participate It monopolize whole No mission bring everybody together unite future Egypt Egypt strong For third I return philosophy Revolution I after three months swift moving events developments Three months during which I tried repeatedly these thoughts philosophy Revolution But always events blown these attempts Apeai ngnNoember instal The Three Zones which Egyptian Foreign Policy Must Operate The attempts thoughts themselves Meanwhile these thoughts having fixed paper continued developin interaction other ideas details brought memory daily experience picture become clear But picture I outline reflections philosophy Revolution attempted previous installments article In first installment I discussed beginnings Revolution ourselves individuals representative sample youth generation I outline history revolution country Revolution July In second installment I discussed attempts along revolution conditioned history people terms outlook which heavily influenced residue terms aspirations future My discourse preceding installments concerned dimension Here I shall concerned factor place I intend philosophical investigation relation place There doubt whole world Egypt conditioned interaction place And visualizing situation country account factor remember equally factor place In simpler terms cannot facts history return century Clothes strange ludicrous misled ideas which appear today those ignorant devoid light equally cannot behave piece Alaska distant regions north Wake Island remote alone wilderness Pacific As imposes developments geography impose realities Twice I tried factor I geographical factors place Geograp_hic_al Limits_ Before proceed discussion there thing clear place lation people If someone place applies onlyto capital I would disagree If someone means Egypt within political borders I would disagree Because matter confined within limits Cairo political boundaries country things would Simple We could doors behind tower staying aloof possible world problems crises Instead which problems hammering gates country exerting their influence inside spite For isolation Gone lines barbed could political boundaries nations They longer provide defense around country Nowadays nations sharp lookout outside boundaries order which direction currents influence interior learn along other countries No state neglect glance around itself geographical context discover opportunities surrounding constitutes living space field growth positive troubled world Sometimes sitting office I direct thoughts subject myself positive troubled world inwhwe I myself about aroun certain zones toward which activity which ability All matter chance Fate things conjured existence nothing We cannot world without comprehension without realizing Egypt position logic position Can there Arab rounding That history being inextricably history interests linked closely interests That Can possibly ignore there African continent which terrible contention going about future fluence whether Can ignore there Islamic world which united bonds religious principle reinforced historical ealities As I remarked dispositions taken lightly Nor lacking significance country located southwestern Asia contiguity Arab nations whose existence intermixed It shrugged country northeastern Africa overlooking Dark Continent wherein rages harsh struggle between white colonizers black inhabitants control unlimited resources RHN It important Mongols swept cities ancient Islam Islamic civilization Islamic itage Egypt shelter there Egypt protected nourished while checking onslaught invaders Ain Jalut All these fundamental realities having profound existence however cannot overlook avoid A _Part Search Of Actor I I reach thinking I daydreaming alone I always reminded famous great Italian Anzio Six Characters Search Author The vicissitudes history heroes create themselves roles great glory heroism playing decisive moments stage history certainly vicis situdes history heroic glorious roles which never heroes perform For reason always strikes which running around lessly looking being For somme reason seems exhausted wanderings spaces around collapsed borders country beckoning ourselves costume And indeed Here hasten leadership domination It rathe interaction response factors mentioned above which involves making tremendous latent strength region surround create great power which level dignity undertake positive building future mankind The First Zone There doubt Arab important Ainjaiut ieiof Gith ocaly N azarehih nrthern Palestine At place great Mameluke general sultan Baibars destroyed Mongol Hulagu grandson Genghis Khan thereby saving Egypt utterly merciless slaugh destruction which distinguished Mongol campaigns Baghdad sacked inhabitants butchered including Caliph ending Abassid Caliphate Superior hitherto invincible light Mongolian horsemen disciplined Mame heavy cavalry defeat again again smash Crus resistance century It reigned supreme until beaten disciplined infantry Ottomans He means Annunzio wrong The author Pirandello which closely linked For inter twined history We suffered together through crises beneath hooves hooves invaders under This intermixed virtue religion The center Islamic learning synonomous several Ar shifting Kufa Damascus capital cities first Mecca Baghdad finally Cairo Lastly mutual contiguity joins graphical framework which solid these historical material spiritual factors So I recall first glimmers Arab awareness began steal consciousness I student second general strike comrades school I every second December because Balfour Declara tiowhich Britain behalf Jews giving thereby populated Palestine tyrannously wresting rightful owners And I asked myself I strike I angrYabout country I never I could answer except sentiment Then understanding began develop I became student Military Academy where I studied particular history military campaigns Palestine general histo surroundings which during hundred years allied fangs hungry beasts Things still clear underlying realities became apparent General Staff College I began study Palestine offensive problems Mediterranean Sea detail Bitish Go ernment zionists oembe December In contradiction undertakings given Arabs return which Arabs against Turks again whatever reasons sentiment strategy political expediency religious enthusiasm His Majesty Government declared would favor establishment Palestine national Jewish people their endeavors facilitate achieve object being clearly understood nothing shall which prejudice civil religious exist rights political Jewish communities Palestine status enjoyed Jews other country In population Palestine about Arabs Jews ratio about IO In total about OOO Arabs about OOO Je about ratio Occupying Palestine Israel population about million There remains Israel Arab minority Probably refers Alleby campaign possibly Ibrahim Pasha Muhammad Ali brilliant After conquering Wahabbi Arabia Greece Turkish Sultan Ibrahim turned against Porte controlled Syria The Egyptians forced withdraw under threat Great Powers notably Great Britain Pvn maintain Turkish strength against Russian threat The result Palestine crisis began I utterly convinced fighting Palestine taking place foreign participation going beyond require ments simple friendship It obligatory necessity defense Positive Efforts Arab Zone I remember after announcement decision partiti Palestine September Free Officers agreed To riefiy The heavy Of JeWiSh refge Naz Germany added urgency alarm Arabs Palestine In party memorandum demanded Great Britain establishment democratic governmen Palestine under Mandate representative organ prohibi sales Jews Cessation immigration inquiry illegal immigration Parliament denied constitutional demands disorders Palestine including general strike result In Arab Higher Committee drawn leaders various Arab states Was formed under chairman Mufti meaning religious jurisconsult Of Jerusalem Hajj Amin Husseini prosecute Arab cause mostly turned sporadic violence The British troop inforcements Peel Commission which observed report Arab desire independence Jews underlay disorders those The British Government forward partition proposal which rejected Zionists Bludan Conference Arab state leaders Reacting further violence British outlawed Arab Higher Committee exiled Palestinian party leaders The Mufti escaped Lebanon finally wound Axis Europe wartime propaganda instrument Nazi policy Arab violence continued Palestine during directed against British Arab moderates In British White Paper announced independent Palestine state would sales Jews would restricted immigration limited further Jews period after which would cease allowed Arab acquiescence The Zionist reactioh unauthorized immigration Jewish Palestine prepare establishment Palestine Jewish Commonwealth policy formalized Biltmore Program British postwar attempts implement White Paper policy based afear Arab violence countered vitriolic press campaign behalf O00 Jewish refugees German D P camps steady stream unauthorized immigrants mostly eastern Europe unofficial terrorist campaign Palestine directed mainly against British troops The A reacted postwar situation forming Higher Committee presidency vacant absent Hajj Amin Recognizing great source Zionist support U S British invited formation Anglo American commission inquiry Reporting recommendation O00 Jewish continued necessity supporting resistance Palestine Next I knocked Hajj Amin Husseini Mufti Palestine living Zai I You officers struggle train volunteers In Egyptian Army there large number officers offer their services They command He pleased spirit thought permission Egyptian Government would neces Then I answer after asking permis A later I Govern reply negative We however Some later artillery Ahmad Abdul Aziz began Jewish colonizers south Jerusalem The artillery Kemal Din Hussein member Central Committee Free Officers which since become Council Revolution I remember another secret secret Hassan Ibrahim Damascus someof officers Fauzi Qawuqji leader Arab Liberat Forces preparing decisive battle northern Palestine Hassan Ibrahim Abdul Latif Baghdadi Bold strike decisive battle The feature Vit ofpers ectin admitt atonce FeeiingUhabietO adopt course obtain U S cooperation secure Jewish Arab agreement Britain referred matter February U N In August U N commission advised partition In September British announced their intention withdraw Palestine In October Higher Committee asked Arab states mobilize troops Palestine frontiers In November September U N General Assembly recommended partition From situation deteriorated rapidly violence Suburb Cairo Egyptian commando officer later killed Palestine An Iraqi Syrian origin served Turkish Fauzi Qawuqji prominence latter leader Arab guerrilla forces operating Palestine against Jews British Following failure Axis supported Rashid Ali uprising Iraq found along Mufti Jerusalem Hajj Amin Germany where colonel Wehrmacht Returning something after War given command revived Arab Higher Committee volunteer Arab Liberaion Forces operating Palestine before during Palestine War As commander field against resourceful determined opposition disastrous failure Wing Commander Abdul Latif Baghdadi Minister War Egyptian Government President three Revolution Tribunal cases corruption treason RHN account Liberation Forces support advantage attack might indeed decisive factor battle But where could Liberation Fo aircraft implement Hassan Ibrahim Abdul Latif Baghdadi hesitate They decided enlist Egyptian planes But Egypt entered Palestine military equipment including aircraft under surveillance there atmosphere alertness caution Nevertheless despair found penetrate details There began strange activity milita irields Planes began repaired prepared awareness these obvious preparations traveled fever among pilots But secret planes pilots making ready secret signal would Syria whereupon would engage their strength decisive battle Holy Land Then would proceed airfield Damascus observe reaction Egypt decide It seemed likely pilots participat action would court martialed I remember their affairs order circumstances should prevent their return years In planning enterprise underlying motive Executive Committee Free Officers certainly inspired pilots participating simply adventure fellow feeling Palestinlan Arabs It rather clear awareness Rafah outer boundary country security required defense boundaries sister Arab states among placed Impressions Fi_e_ld Battle The carried because never received secret signal Syria And afterwards circumstances brought about official entry Arab armies Palestine For present I dwell details It subject about which accounts differ involvemuch effort What concerns important lesson teaches All Arab peoples entered Palestine single enthusiasm They basis common feelings common estimation shared borders their security All Arab peoples emerged Palestine bitterness disappointment internal affairs countered factors ruling forces brought about their defeat forced their heads humbleness shame I thought about these things while alone trenches foxholes Menshia hills I General Staff Battalion which stationed sometimes defending often moving attack I among ruins enemy artillery wings imagination Sometimes I carried region stars lofty height I whole region Andthe picture began distinct Down there below where surrounded position battalion there other talions Beyond forces enemy surrounding beyond forces encircled restricted movement although having rather maneuver We Ne sorely pressed political circumstances surrounding capital whence received orders pressed tighter crippling siege thananythlng experienced Faluja Pocket Then there brothers brother Arabs brothers common enterprise common hastened rescue Palestine There armies brothers after surrounded circumstances which equally surrounded their governments They armies governments seemed pawns devoid Of power motivation moved hands players And behind lines peoples seemed victims conspiracy which deliberately suppressed realities happening facts actual situation And sometimes I would earth again I doing defend children nothing fanciful dreams Arab capitals nations peoples history meant nothing This wandering among ruins I across children lookingfor shelter having fallen clutches siege after destruction their homes their possessions I remember small about daughter I emerged danger whistling bullets driven The reference particular fantastic tales interrupted victory givenobY Egyptian press public during Palestine War depicting Egyptian machine invincible juggernaut RHN hunger piece cloth And I would always myself This could happen little For I certain I still certain happening Palestine could happen country Of Arab remains subject factors forces overn today Impe_rilism Re_su When struggle Palestine siege lifted I returned Egypt Arab become single whole The events taken place since confirmed belief I followed developments Arab countries match point point What happens Cairo counterpart Damascus Beirut Amman Baghdad elsewhere This picture drawn perience It single region umstances affect factors forces united position And clear foremost these forces Imperialism Even Israel itself nothing results Imperialism For Palestine fallen under British Mandate Zionism would never support necessary realization national state Palestine The would remained impossible dream As I write these words I before memoirs Chaim Weizmann President Republic Israel founder They published known entitled Trial Error There certain passages revealing exmpie which It necessary great nation support there world nations either which could Germany Great Britain As Germany already decided aloof But Britain surrounded imiiism For about years after Palestine under British military administration In I20 Britain contradiction promises various Arab leaders about Arab dependence duties under Mandate conferred San Rome confirmed League Nations The terms Mandate required Great Britain implement ciple Jewish National Home The author gives references The passage quoted appears Trial Error where sense somewhat fferent discussingHerz views around century author claims Herzl steps process securing Zionist aspirations First Jews suaded their purses second Great Powers pressure Turkey guarantors transaction In connection leading Powers Germany England Herzl began putting emphasis Germany afterwards shifted England And statement struck During Sixth Zionist Congress which convened Switzer Herzl stand clear world Jewry Great Britain Great Britain alone exclusion other Jews nation having distinct nations recognized We Jews deserve fatherland independent existence state Herzl proceeded letter Lord Latter onbehalf British Government which proved point which offered Uganda national The members Conference decided accept offer erwards stifled cradle quietly rejected After episode Great Britain turned around offered region around Arish Sinai Britain eager please As result offer formed large commission They Jewish scholars traveled Egypt study received Lord Cromer British High Com missioner showed every concern faith national The commission however consider region which would satisfy objectives sought national Later I Lord Balfour Foreign Ninister Great Britain began immediately questions Why agree establish national Uganda I replied Zionism However nationalist political movement cannot neglect spiritaal orbit I absolutely certain neglect spiritual shall never realize nationalist political dream Then I What Take Paris would someone change London Would Again passage Caught I returned London objective supervising writing draft terms British Mandate Palestine It necessary document presen League Nations final approval Mandate having previously conferred principle San Remo Conference Lord Curz0n taken Foreign Office Lord Balfour responsible draft proposal In London legal drafts famous jurist Ben Cohen world Eric Forbes Adam Lord Cur secretary cooperated The letter Lord Lasdowhe These paragraphs represent considerable foreshortening See Uganda episode hrish offer Balfour meeting In general original ognizable quotation In reads America I believe altera significant However popular America coarchitect Palestine disaster panion imperialism Great Britain author appears regard America With hopeful He seems giving appearance endorsing popular instead disassociate America unpopular nations policies HN Between Curzon there differences start finish We wrote draft Preamble phrase which wanted Britain promise Lord Balfour insure policy Palestine should based principle Jew national The wanted Recognizing historic rights Jews Baiestine Curzon preferred soften phrase Arabs would angry reading thought should Recognizing historical connection Jews Palestine I would length Weizmann Trial Error these bygone events first gnnings terrible developments which Palestine finally destroyed Necessity ommon Stru i_ts_ Elements Let I saying Imperialism great force which imposing murderous invisible blockade Whole region blockade times powerful pitiless whiCh surrounded trenches Faluja which encircled individual armies governments capitals whence orders When these truths impressed themselves I began believe common struggle I region continues region existing circumstances problems future however tries change disguise enemy should divide Up efforts escape The experiences which followed Revolution July increased conviction efficacy necessity common struggle And hidden parts developing picture began disclosed obscuring shadows disappear I admit I began great obstacles which block common struggle I began believe these obstacles themselves removed being creation enemy Finally I began political contacts unifying struggle whatever means After month there considerable condensation original translation Arabic ThE sense mostly preserved however except concern Arab feelings motive Curzon insistence according Weizmann Curzon motive rather would Zionists leverage rights allowed There mention Arab feelings context contacts I emerged important conclusion first obstacle doubt And clear roots doubt planted common enemy order prevent embarking common struggle I recall sitting recently brother Arab politician friends I began speak reply He something doubt fully friend gauge effect saying I almost Overcome doubts Say think Look instead turning I minimize obstacles between unity common struggle There doubt these stacles their roots nature situation historical geographical circumstances people But certain little flexibility based insight neglect possible being which everyone agree without strife constraint mounting common struggle Numerical Balance Sheet Power I doubt moment common struggle achieve peoples everything desire For I shall always intain strong The trouble realize strong We wrong definition strength It strength shout lungs strength positively means command When I analyze elements strength there three sources which first ledger The first these sources community neighboring peoples linked material moral possible peoples characteristics abilities civilization which given three gions which absolutely cannot neglected effort build secure peaceful world This first source As second source strength itself position world important strate position which embraces crossroads world thoroughfare traders passageway armies There remains source sinew material civilization without which machines would cease function The great factories producing every goods instrh ments communication weapons mechanical above clouds submarines beneath waves would cease function would overcome every beyond motion I would pause moment Perhaps RHN existence material reality demonstrable facts figures provide useful model analysis importance sources strength country I reCently article published University Chicago situation It would thing every Arab could grasp implications great concealed behind Statistics figures The artic points example effort extract Arab countries requires comparatively ittle capital The companies spent million Colombia without discovering until They spent million Venezuela years They spent million Indonesia recently discovered According article producing barrel America South America Arab countries The article further center world production shifted U S where wells going going updthe construction workers risen Arab where wells still virgin where spaces tinues nothing where worker continues receive subsistence Half proven reserves world beneath Arab remainder being divided between UoS Russia Caribbean other parts world It average daily production barrels United States barrels Venezuela barrels Ar Have I clear great importance element strength I So We strong Strong loudness voices shout rather remain silent measure extent ability situation really understand strength resulting together andmaking single region which withdrawnd which isolated islndo protected without protection whole The Itrior Dark ConfiDent So first which which ability Arab_zone Ofinte conneCti0n discoveryf field Saudi Arabia believed supply equal total proven reserves U S Note recent Egyptian agreements British U S companies about explorations Egypt If strength Egyptians apparently means reversal foreign ploitation policy years IHN If second continent Africa I without exaggeration cannot under circumstances however might remain aloof terrible guinary struggle going Africa today between million whites million Africans We cannot important obvious reason Africa The peoples Africa tinue guard northern constitute their outside world We never circumm stances vacate responsibility support ability spread enlightenment civilization remotest depths jungle There remains important reason which Nile artery untry bringing water heart continent As final reason boundaries beloved brother Sudan extend Africa bringing contiguity sensitive regions The Dark Continent scene strange excited turbulence white representing various European nations again trying carve Africa We shall circumstances stand going Africa belief affect concern I continue dream I Cairo great African Institute dedicated opening regions continent creating minds enlightened African consciousness sharing others world advancing peoples continent their welfare Islamic Parliament There remains third which stretches across continents oceans which omain brothers faith wherever under direction Mecca whose devout speak prayers When I Egyptian delegation Kingdom Sa Arabia offer condolences death sovereign belief possibility extending effectiveness Pilgrimage building strength Islamic linking Muslims strong I stood front Ka aware circling round regions earth reached Islam Then I found myself saying Filgrimage change It should regarded ticket Paradise after seeking ceeded King Sa Abdul Aziz Perambulating around Ka sacred shrine Mecca ritual ceremony involved Pilgrimage forgiveness after merry It should become institution great political power ificance The press world should hasten cover Pilgrimage because tradi tional ritual affording entertaining pictures reading public because function periodic political ference which leaders Islamic states their leaders thought their learned every branch knowledge their writers captains industry merchants their youth order Islamic world parliament broad lines their national policies their mutual cooperation until meeting following Pious humble Strong assemble stripped greed active before God mighty aainst their their enemies solicitous rights others their appointed place I remember I mentioned these thoughts H M King Sa replied It indeed raison Pilgrimage To truth I amuna other raison When I consider million Muslims Indonesia O million China millions Malaya Siam Burma close million Middle East O million inside Soviet Union other millions flung parts world I consider these hundreds millions united single creed I emerge sense mendous possibilities which realize through cooperation these Muslims cooperation going beyond bounds their natural loyalty their countries Which enable their brothers faith wield power without limit And I wandering looking The there Its characteristics described This stage By geographical circum stance alone indeed It seems indicate author enouEh fidence himself faith Muslim Revolutionary power tofeel thought action This typical recent generations Egypt In July issue The Islamic Review known Egyptian writer Sayyid Qutb U Col Nasser His editorial entitled The Need annual Congress Muslim Countries The Pilgrimage Mecca For Sayyid Qutb however purpose political rather reform strengthening Islamic religion