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8/1/1995 - ‘Shembe’ is the Way by Sharon F. Griffin

Shembe IstheWay BYSHARON F GRIFFIN DURBAN South Africa August Some kilometers north Durban sprawling tytowncalled Inanda It wretch houses perhaps million people Desperate valley Inanda outstanding personalities South Africa educator John Langaliba Dube president South Africa Native National Congress which later became African National Congress ANC A W G Champion mastermind behindtheNatalbranch ofthe IndustrialandCommercialWork ersUnionofthe 1920s andMohandasGandhi whodevelopedthe political tactic ofsatyagraha passive resistance andin started settlement scheme Phoenix eastern Inanda Inanda birthplace Nazareth Baptist Church iBandla lamaNazaretha founded prophet Isaiah Shembe religious political leader believed God Zulus He Jesus Jews Mohammed Muslims Shembe established church against overwhelming American European mission aries resentful Africanized vision religion legislators landowners determined dispossess Africans their labor Indeed Shembe formed church years after crushing Bambatha Rebellion named because chief named Bambatha Zondi Umvoti district Natal uprising against colonial served undermine Zulu homestead economy Moreover following rebellion Natal government deposed Zulu Dinuzuiu boring rebels The colonial onslaught intensified after passage Na tivesLand Act whichlaiddownthe principle territorial segrega The prohibited Africans frombuying leasing sideofreservesalready setasidefortheiroccupation Sowhenthe prophet prominence Zulu people needed healing IsaiahSh embeisperhapsbestrememberedfor hispowerto Despite turbulence yesteryear Shembe church lives Today largest black churches South Africa membership least perhaps SharonF Griffin isanICWAfellowstudyingthelanguage cultureand politicsoftheZulu people ofKwaZulu Natal AstatueofIsaiahShembe thefoundeToftheNazareth Baptist Church located church offices small village settlement ofEbuhleni Awrought fencepreventsviewersfromgettingtoo close million The religious center church Ebuhleni which Zulu means place beauty Ebuhleni dusty water starved village teetering slope within Inanda On Oct quarter million Shembe faithfuls Ebuhleni their spiritual leader Bishop Amos Khula Shembe successor Isaiah Shembe I arrived Ebuhleni AmosShembe sburialwithCarolMuller anethnomu sicologist music department University Natal Carol isaSouthAfricanwhoearnedherdocto New York University historical impor tanceofwomenintheShembechurch The titleofher dissertation isNazariteDanceandDreams TheSacrali zationofTime SpaceandtheFemaleBodyinSouth Af She collectedwomen stories studied linkbe tween ritual performance women bodies examinedthe relationshipbetweenthechurchcalendar rituals exclusive virgin girls Additionally examinedwhyolderwomenjointhe church Less years Ebuhleni grazing ground thickwithbush Nowyou llfind there church buildings Shembe house dance ground cattle SFG enclosure statue Isaiah Shembe which plywood lined agingmaterial ormud rockandlogs Ebuhleni considered place No shoes there So I arrived I removed The practice going without shoes apparently comes fromMoses experiencewhenhewenttoth eburning God shoes because standing ground Shembe prophet Zulus himself liberator Moses A sandy leads center relig village Parked along dozens yellow green armored police vehicles The swarm police descended Ebuhleni reasons President Nelson Mandela would tending funeral because violence erupted following death ofJohannes Galilee Shembe first successor Isaiah At memorial service after Johannes Galilee death fight broke people their lives Alsoalongtheroadwere scores ofwomenbalanc buckets water their heads hands All stayed overnight village needed water bathing cooking Carol Womenfrom Shembe temple Durban township ofKwaMashu preparedfoodfor Presi Nelson Mandela other dignitaries attended thefuneral ofAmos Shembe Goat I entered where women Shembe temple township KwaMashu busied selves preparation dignitaries scheduled arrive later We slipped aprons squeezed behind table weighted bowls I sliced tomatoes onions greenandred chilipeppers Awomanintroducedas Gugu instructedme thinly sliced tomatoes intoabowloflettuceandcucumber Next Ispooned decorative glass bowls salads stored salad salad potatoes green mayonnaise salad diced tomato onion andchilipeppers andsoon Iwashedsprigsofmint arranged trays fried chicken finished I helped carry heavy etsofricetothebackofthe wherewomenstood boiling This until shortly before signaling start morning Institute Current World Affairs service I hands followed Carol grassy where women church Their prayer separate The segregation sexes church congregation apparently based traditional patterns Zulu organization Allthere menandwomenalike worewhite cloth smocks Some women white cloth around their shoulders young girls draped SFG An estimated250 Shembefollowers attended thefuneral Amos Shembe Space tight hundreds roofs ofhuts white cloth around their heads White painted stones marked literal spiritual boundary praying ground Devotees entered ground through break rocks The women bowed entered I Women number Shernbe church I cannot guess thousands assem there ground their grass prayer However nearly silent their movements Carol I behind loudspeaker hanging Behind sands women continued spread their It seemed logic somanypeople small space could discipline hardly noise Not along tight pathways village evenon roofs women their handbags luggage cameraequipment without slight estworrythata thiefmightwalkawaywiththeirvalu ables The order peaceand discipline Ebuhlenicon trasted dramatically reality beyond borders Theprovince ofKwaZulu Natalis close ondto province ofGautengin murder armed motor vehicle thefts mention Unmarriedgirls Shembe Church seven different dancing uniforms while married women dancing uniform Mar unmarried carry closed shield lefthandandclosed umbrella right These symbolicfight against Teen maidens cover their breasts because interpreted Zulu cultureashidinga ofvirtue Unmarried mothers allowed danceforJehovah surge inguntradingandrapein first sixmonthsof Figuresshowthat inKwaZulu Nata196peo murdered eachweekand injured tempted murders Inanda ofthe worst areas crime Between January March highest number reported murders andrapes inthe greaterDurbanarea Twowomen seated directly front clutched Shembe hymnal Izihlabelelo Zamanazaretha The contains prayers hymns dance songs posed primarilyby IsaiahShembebut alsoby Johannes Galilee The hymnal Zulu published first A couple Shembe devotees toldmethat Isaiah songs Institute Current World Affairs Thiswoman iswearingsome beautiful beadwork uniquet otheShembeChurch Thisphotoandthetwo onpage5 weretaken theJulyfestival rectlyfromGodthrough prophetic visions Like Abra supposedly direct communication God From loudspeaker I heard voice preacher congregants prayer Women kneeled upright position bodies straight facing voice An overcast saved hands A breeze fanned tickled leaves trees scattered around grassy The praying ended round about clock voice announced Zulu mature service He instructed arrival President Mandela Numbers outside observers believe Na zareth Baptist Church closely aligned In kathaFreedomParty IFP whichopposesMandela African National Congress ANC Whether unclear though reasonable assumption The church officially recognizes traditional leaders majority align selves IFP Indeed Qadi Tribal Author presided Chief Mzonjani Ngcobo voted Shembe Ebuhleni Ngcobo baptized Nazarite Nevertheless Shembe church leaders insist church nonpolitical Mthembeni Phineas Mpanza preacher church liaison officer He stood other nearthehouseinwhichAmosShembelived The idence secured concrete wrought ironfencingtoppedwithglisteningbarbedwire Mr Mpanza church permits members However allowed involved political activities The church abhors political ingstakingplaceintheprovince asaresult ofthe strug supremacy between IFP ANC From1985 totheendofJune 272people diedfrompolitically relatedviolence inSouth Af Of these killed KwaZulu Natalalone On Sunday funeral estimated residents Durban townsh Clermont KwaDabeka blocked entrances those areas after rumors spread busloads Inkatha supporters coming launch branch local hostel In actuality IFP postponed rally after secur forces warned their resources overex tended because Shembe funeral However message apparently reach residents cause armed unaware postponement dered individuals prepare themselves against IFP invasion The Shembe leadership specifically cided against inviting politicians funeral service thing pened Clermont KwaDabeka Indeed Mr Mandela appear official program In speech Nazarites Mr Mandela speak alternately Zulu English madean appeal forpeace KwaZulu Natalcontinues toberavagedby politicalviolence In1990whenIcameoutof prison I called people province throw their weapons I repeat encouragedbytheknowledge while olence persists signs growing Mr Mandela encouragedShembe devotees support police their attempts combat crime Without forgetany chance ofpeace country emphasizing police oftoday police oftheoldapartheidregime Inanapparentreference killing policeman Natal Midlands Sept added government tolerate lawlessness Between January Au policemen KwaZulu Natal murdered while doing their Worries about violence political turmoil aside extreme reserve characterized Ebhleni funeral There tears shouts God worshipped through danceand collective prayer Shembe church Na zarite dance measured tight discipline Individual display allowed The dancing uniform consist three styles Oneformofdress traditional infeathers skins Youngboys mayalso tartan kilts white shirts black rugby socks black boots Youngmen wearblackskirts thatfall above knees white sleeve shirts tasseled hemlines white helmets At theJulyfestival where these photos taken Shembe worshipers spontaneously Shembe given culture Ihadahard reconciling statement white helmets scotch tartan skirts Institute Current World Affairs Shembefollowersattended thefuneral heavilyarmed camera equipment shows emotional stress Such Saturday About Saturday hearse carrying Amos Shembe drove village I momentary display grief Women kneeling along section began weeping saying Baba father Shembe designated crowd monitors moved quickly silence women They raised their hands without uttering women wiped their tears silenced themselves The general quiet Ebuhleni stark contrast I witnessed first visit there July The Nazarites church oscillates between great festivals July festival Ebuhleni January festival Nazarite mountain Nhlangakazi In July faithful gather month worship dance healing baptism immersion washing An estimated participated sfestivalbut itseemedliketensofthousands In their sheer numbers overwhelmed I I I small child accidentally Unable I deeper deeper drawnunderbythe forcefulswayofthe water SFG It crowd alone sensa rather organized chaos happening around It beating blowing whistles blare sounded horns pricked consciousness needles under It sight hundreds maidens older women jammed along selling drinks pineapple green white robes beadwork straw Vaseline healing photographs Shembe It wastheslowprocessionofmeninred pleated skirts squeezing footed pedestrians rocky It thousands people dancing Jehovah dressed distinctive uniforms divided distinct groups unmarried girls newly wedded women women young It startle I kneel people suddenly shouted waves uyingcwele signifying someone healed Literally uyingcwele means You Thou It intensity circled thegrainsofsandunderneathmy Itwas newness everything No knows Isaiah Shembe whether His teachings combined Christian Zulu beliefs believed verses Old Testament referring Nazarites applied people AmaNazaretha In particu teachings Book Numbers Chapter His vision religion offended white religious sects emerging black elite Shembe encouraged followers their beads skins largely pragmatic reasons couldn afford Western clothing He incorporated indigenous African dance teachings Still today dance highest forms ofworship Shembe church By scholarly accounts Shembe remarkable He traveled Natal mostly wagon healing preaching would In established Nazarite village Ekuphakameni Zulu elevated place In fever after standing three hours river baptiz converts The value estate death estimated pounds He owned farms which acres others The acreage creased since Leadership passed Johannes Galilee Shembe teacher Adams College Aman zimtoti which south ofDurban JohannesShembe Dec unlike father failed leave naming successor As result court fights clashes ensuedbetweenAmos Shembe Jo hannes older brother Londa Shembe Johanne The power struggle split church A majority congregation supported Amos Shembe Ekuphakameni established Jerusalem about miles Ebuhleni Londa Shernbe ANC aligned lawyer remained Ekuphakameni though support smaller He murdered Friday April themouth rightshoulde leftarm Hewas48 Long before attending closing July festival I aware Shembe That cause Shembe thewaybumper stickers local When I asked friends about Shembe positive things Furthermore described Nazarites illiterate tradi tionalist Zulus That impression however At July festival funeral I Shembe followerswhoarelawyers teachers preach university students domestics street traders One pleas Shembe devotees I pregnant journalist named Charity covered funeral Sowetan country largest daily In other words I found Shernbe worshippers middle class illiterate educated Zulu population whole KwaZulu Natal Furthermore Zulus A small percentage worshippers Xhosa Sotho speakers church claims followers Cape Province Mozam bique Zimbabwe In early years church claimed number Indian followers Indeed Johannes Galilee Shembe credited Indians father whites refused If there Indian devotees today I either inJuly funeral Take Siduduzo Mngadi example He evangelistinthe church Amongmeninthechurch hierarchy shifts minister evangelist preacher The evangelists easily identified funeralbythe greencloakstheywore their white smocks Most Shembe worshippers church However Mr Mngadi verted almost seven years while riding train black township KwaMashu Durban For years ignored praying singing Nazarites often shared compartment Instead liked newspaper Why peace often thought himself Worse considered Shembe adherents heathens primitive But newspaper closed butterfly closes wings To demon strate happened Mr Mngadi small hands together palms slowly folded That Shembe Mr Mngadi stands about inches weighs probably pounds His tightly coiledhair iswhitewithatingeofyellowand stray flecks He white beard mustache wears spectacles flashes pearl white teeth looks decades younger years All Shembe unshaven practice parently derived Bible Numbers which talks about razor shallcome Mr Mngadi first Siduduzo means comforts His mother miscarried twice before delivering Siduduzo Sadly parents before month I their pictu My father handsome mother beautiful He theywere poisoned The surname Mngadi means tends garden Mr Mngadi ventured speculate reference maybe garden Eden The Shernbe evangelist twice married father daughter ranging To speak however assume hehasonlyonechild mylittlegirl whois Are happy converted I asked during occasional afternoon chats Oh I would change world I chewed words asked But makes Shembeworthmore Mr Mngadi leaned against couch gazed Okay paused Let I sense belonging Then added springing forward I ablackman Ishookmyheadknowingly furtherexpla nationwas needed Actually I elabor ation point because previous conversations Indeed during first meeting office school trains young adults shipping industry Mr Mngadi helped under stand Shembe black prophet He Jesus prophet Jews Institute Current World Affairs Mohammed Muslims andShembe blacks Twice Mr Mngadi toldme about newspaper story impression The article appeared sometime 1950s maybe early He recall which decade In called A black found Dutch Reform Church He wandered acenter aisle felldownonhiskneestopray The pastor congregation became outraged sight proceeded mercilessly Mr Mngadi offered story evidence races worship separately Blacks their prophet whites theirs Thou shall worship prophets added I never dreamed Jesus Of Mary Of Joseph But IhavedreamedofShembe Anddreams traditional Zulu culture On office which doubles classroom students tattered Bible Mr Mngadi asked Deuteronomy verse I aloud I raise Prophet among their brethren putmywordsinhismouth andhe shallspeakunto themallthatIshallcommandhim Iliftedmyeyes looked Mr Mngadi thewayaparentdoeswhenheorshebe lieves however inaccurately child question answered Next evangelist proceeded thatShembe likeJesus healer He toldme story Indianwomanwho sought Shembe because infertile Shembe supposedly cured woman birth several children Mr Mngadi related story 1918when posedly waters Indian Ocean flooded He Shembe looked towards ocean commanded water within bounds Miraculously flooding ceased Turn St Mark Chapter verse Mr Mngadi I And there great storm waves And hinder asleep pillow awake Master carest perish And arose rebuked Peace still And ceased there great And Why fearful How faith And feared exceedingly other What manner SFG TheNazarites Sabbathbegins atsundownonFri sundown Saturday During which effect means cooking No Mr Mngadi They drink Dogs middle night Shembe adherents lieve angels visit during night bringing blessings Mr Mngadi Many chicken because considered scavenger One Mr Mngadi colleagues recently treated lunch chicken chips chicken stuck throat shouldn lowly The Nazarites practice polygamy Isaiah Shembe supposedly believed European monogamy invention St Paul At funeral I received marriageproposalfromamarriedmanwhoisasold father older He declared intention lobola bride price offered surname Mr Mngadi whispered worry about proposal He assured would whereabouts Besides Isawyou first Later IfollowedMr Mngaditomeethiswife We walked through section village where women girls temporarily during festivals All residential areas village segregated The leading Mrs Mngadi snaked behind Shembe house We passed cattle enclosure building where marriage proposals placeandamoundoftrash We arrived atthehutto Mrs Mngadi there Instead large woman sprawled resting locked which Dumisani uJehova meaning Praise Jehovah Mr Mngadiandthewomantalked foraboutthree minutes Zulu As walked I asked about their conversation At first there When I asked answered He woman Bishop Amos Shembe weeks already blessed He beautiful young posedly Your pleased I laughed Mr Mngadi thewoman swords Dayslater howeve Ipausedto consider Mr Mngadi often I praying I couldn wonder maybe words double meaning specifi cally Iamprayingforyou Isaiah Shembe introduced circumcision reviv custom abolished amongst Zulus Shaka He prohibited premarital promoted chastity ideal There unwed mothers church however He discouraged Zulu cattle culture herbal medicine sango diviners allowed church Mr Mngadialso toldmethatancestorsplayan sential lives AmaNazaretha They somehow linked God whois prophet Shembe gatekeeper Heaven He communes God ancestors Worship whose ancestors warriors murderers example apparently through process cleansing Without cleansing there belief living suffer constant affliction everything fromjoblessn crashes Amongthe Nazarites there strong crafts based ethic women church support themselves creating selling range items festivals Julybut tourists along Durban beachfront With members Shembe church conceivably tential economically uplift individuals church extension church community Af devotees their garments beaded ornaments animal cloth musical instru ments grass prayer Begging growingindustryamongwhites blacks IndiansandcoloredsinDurban isnotallowedbythe church There morning prayer Shernbe hymnal Grant diligence Lord Jehovah works necessary sustain Let slumber indolence Be laziness A person goesbegging people After prayer sustain desist frombegging others President Nelson Mandela praised church ritualizing He those gathered neral A K Shembe other church leaders spiritual healing alone sufficient The ofeconomic assets better lives people always central church Critical activities principle reliance This principle remains importance today Mandela national building better There taboo medicine church Oddly enough however Sunday funeral medical emergency vehicles parked Shembe house At least women appeared fainted received medical attention Ordinarily Nazarites petroleum jelly water blessedbyShembetocurewhatever ailsthem Atthe July festival maidensstoodeverywherehawkingjars petroleum jelly The costs about shippe another cents Vase blessed Mr Mngadi offered bring cently I I couldn laugh offer Little petroleum jelly Growing American South little black girls polished Vaseline petroleum jelly No respecting mother child world scalp And Sunday patent leather shoes shined petro leumjelly Howironic Ithoughttomyself thatVase played strangely significant lives somanyblack people Amos Shembe Monday Sept reportedly heart trouble He Some others No I spoke funeral seemed News second caught Carol offguard sheknewofonly Howmanychildren fathered unclear In eralconversationwithsomeoftheNazarites Iwastold athehadthree sonsbut onlyone alive today Then again Iwasalsotoldthathehadmany manychildren howmanynooneknows Werethe othermanychil girls I asked No people Some I could conclude children Amos Shembeclaimedassonswerefromhismarriage Jo hannes Galilee Shembe Amos brother than50wivesand100 children Whatever reality Amos Shembe surviv Vimbeni Shembe wasnamed successor funeral Rogers Ngcobo local store owner proclaimed family friend announced black messiah nearly every surprise Indeed before funeral I spoke Mr Mpanza church liaison officer insisted announcement would Instead church leadership planned successor after examining Shembe If failed successor church leaders would consult decision Apparently there hidden behind premature announcement Ngcobo brother IFP aligned chief Mzonjani Ngcobo supported Virnbeni Shembe Reportedly chief began reminding devotees before funeral Ebuh leniwas Eveleth Ann ThePoliticsofChoosingaMessiah sHeir MailandGuardian 19Oct Institute Current World Affairs Already there Vimbeni Shembe fight choice Some church members consider alternative leader Most aware Vimbeni Shembe would leader Mr Mngadi Hejust Mr Mngadi other evangelists church leaders successor after burial Mr Mngadi described meeting exhilarating It first meeting Vimbeni Shembe Mr Mngadisaidhehasknownhim allalong talkedwith without hesitation Despite gelist could prophet meeting Instead kneeled before humbled presenc Isaiah Shembe Johannes Ekuphakameni White stones where Amos Shembe grave Ebuh He buffed coffin Instead coffinwasbrokendown plankby plank lowered ground His wrapped space carved burial Jesus buried burial clothes Mr Mngadi Blan sheets animal skins other personal belongings Amos Shembe lowered ground And behold while place happened thunder lightning filled afternoon whenJesus Mr Mngadi proclaimed KWESOKUNXELE Ingxenye yezinkulungwane zabantu abangama lungu eBandla lamaNazaretha KwaShembe ebezihambele ngcwabo kaMfu A K ShembeiZOlo ngeSonto Bekutheieke abantu ababalelwa ngaphezulu KWESOKUDLA UMongame wakuleli Nelson Mandela kwesokudla esithombeni ubonaka nomNtwana waKwaZiphethe uGedeon Zulu sebeyohlaliswa endaweni abebehlelelwe ngemuva kokubona isidumbu nkosi yamaNazaretha A K Shembe Ongakwesokunxele nkosi yamaQadi Inkosi Mzonjani Ngcobo izithombe BHEKI MAHLABA President Nelson Mandela right Shembe evangelist SiduduzoMngadi white hairand glasses thefar The photo appeared thefront ofthe Oct edition Zulu Language newspaper Ilanga DAILY NEWS FRIDAY SEPTEMBER News Cleric legacy Nazarite Church leader Ii Atussle succession likely after death MrAmos Shembe leader Church Nazarites writes News ZULU prophet leader strongehreh Nazarites Mr Amos Shembe Inanda after heart troubles The death influential elere likel prompt leadership tussle considered biggest churches South Mriea Church elder Nr Chaneey Sibs funeral dseussion around future would weekend We leave ehoee leader hands God Of course Holy Spirit demonstrate through symbols leader difficult because enthrone anyone Even leader alive named somebody replace sonwould killed thenextday NrSbssaid The health elderly priest compelled thousands follow abandon their traditional pilgrimage Nhlangaka mountain rural Kwagulu Natal Nazarites annually almost their Durban stronghold Inand ruralNdwedwe toreaffirmavwby founderIsaiahShembe theatherofAms Isaiah believer Old estament founded eBandla lamaNaareth Legend among believers jumped mountain regarded MuntSinai survved unscathed Hs Amos equally esteem supporters showered countless ranging luxury thouand suits Institute Current World Affairs BOLD KICKEFI Controversy surrounds mannerin which newleaderhasbeen chosen forKwaZulu Natal largest African church Although Vimbeni Shembe outside hispalace successortohi Amo Shembe whodied naturalcausesa fortnightago Church ofNazarethi split thecled Some membersof congregation refuse accept leader claiming Amos Shembe authority choose successor Thenewleader VimbeniShembe saidhe trainedas teacherine60s butneverpraa Insteadhehad workedas producbncoler foran industrial companyfor 10years MiniShembe Johannes brotherof Amos Shembe lastShembe leada unitedch saidhe foresaw trouble aheadfor church because appointment AmosShewas onlya ngasa regent andhadno right inthis Vimbeni throne The decision install undemocraticand workofone Current Fellows Their Activities REFERENCES Holy Church ofNazareth Baptists Rise Upand Dance Praise God Durban Local HistoryMuseum Khashane Forceand MthandeniNarnba Shembe Church Miracles Pace Oct Morcom Geraldine M The Sacredand Profane The Religious Commercial Significance ofChurch Adornment Nazareth Baptist Church ofAmos Shembe Diss University NatalDurban Oosthuizen G C Succession Conflict Within Church Nazarites Durban Oosthuizen G C The Theology SouthAfrican Messiah AnAnalysis ofthe Hymnal ofThe Church Nazarites Leiden Netherlands E J Brill Oosthuizen G C Isaiah Shembe Zulu World View History ofReligions Preston Whyte Eleanor Speaking With Beads Zulu Arts Southern Af4ica Sundkler Bengt Bantu Prophets SouthAfrica London1961 Vilakazi Absolom Shembe The Revitalization ofAfrican Society withBongani Mthethwa Mthernbeni Mpanza Johannesburg Skotaville Watkins Eleanor Traveller Joy London Hisham Ahmed Born blind Palestinian Dheisheh Refugee Camp Bethlehem Hisham finished A levels fifth highest score students throughout Israel He received B A political science scholar Illinois State University M A Ph D University California Santa Barbara Back East Jerusalem still blind Hisham plans gather histories broad selection Palestinians produce Por trait Palestine crucial point Middle Eastern history MIDEAST N AFRICA AdamAlbion Aformer research associate Institute EastWest Studies Prague Czech Republic Adam spending years studying writing about Turkey regional growing importance actor Balkans Middle East former Soviet A Harvard graduate History Adam completed first M Litt degree Russian East European history languages Oxford University EUROPE RUSSIA Cynthia Caron With Masters degree Forest Science Yale School Forestry Environment Cynthia spending years South Asia ICWA first John Miller Musser Memorial Forest Society Fellow She study writing about impact forest preservation projects lives tenure indigenous peoples local farmers their fringes Her fellowship includes stays Bhutan India Sri Lanka SOUTH ASIA Forest Society William F Foote Formerly financial analyst Lehman Brothers Emerging Market Group Willy Foote examining economic substructure Mexico impact market reforms Mexico people society politics Willy holds Bachelor degree Yale University history Master London School Economics Development Economics Latin America Basque history San Sebastian Spain He carried intensive Spanish language studies Guatemala worked editor Reporter Buenos Aires Herald THE AMERICAS Sharon Griffin A feature writer contributing columnist African affairs San Diego Union Tribune Sharon spending years southern Africa studying Zulu KwaZulu kingdom writing about nongov ernmental organizations fulfillment centers national needs developing countries where governments still feeling their toward effective admin istration She plans travel Namibia Zimbabwe South Africa SAHARA Pramila Jayapal Born India Pramila through primary secondary education Indonesia She graduated Georgetown University M B A Kellogg School Management Evanston Illinois She worked corporate analyst PaineWeb accounts manager world leading producer cardiac defibril lators recently managed million developing country revolving Program Appropriate Technology Health PATH Seattle Pra spending years India tracing roots studying social issues volving religion thestatus ofwomen populationandAIDS SOUTHASIA Cheng Li An Assistant Professor Government Hamilton College Clinton NY Cheng Li studying growth technocracy impact southeastern coast China He began academic Medi Degree Jing An Medical School Shanghai graduate Asian Studies Political Science United States M A Berkeley Ph D Princeton EAST ASIA Teresa C Yates A former member American Civil Liberties Union tional force workplace Teresa spending years South Africa observing reporting efforts Mandela government reform national tenure system AVassargraduate withajurisdoctorfromthe Uni versity Cincinnati College Law Teresa internship Centre Applied Legal Studies Johannesburg studying feasibility including social economic rights South African constitution While ACLU conducted Seminar Women Law Fordham Law School New York SAHARA Institute Current World Affairs Author Institute Current World Affairs Title ICWA Letters SubSaharan Africa ISSN Imprint Hanover NH Material Type Se Language English Frequency Monthly Subjects Europe Russia East Asia South Asia Mideast North Africa The Americas Chosen basis character previous perience promise Institute Fellows young professionals funded spend years carrying designed programs study writing outside United States The Fellows required their findings experiences field month They write subject formally informally The result unique report analysis periodical assessment ternational events issues The Institute ofCurrentWorld Affairs 4WESTWHEELOCKSTREET HANOVER NEW HAMPSHIRE 03755 ADDRESSCORRECTION REQUESTED Nonprofit Org U S Postage PAID Lebanon NH 03766 Permit