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7/15/2000 - The Isthmus of Tehuantepec- An Island in an Electoral Storm by Wendy L. Call

WLC THE AMERICAS Wendy Call donor supported Healthies Societ Fellow living writing southern Mexico The Isthmus Tehuantepec An Island Electoral Storm By Wendy Call July JUCHIT N ISTHMUS OF TEHUANTEPEC Five before Mexico July national elections Bernardino Aquino For first going faint notes excitement wonder voice Bernardino council member Federal Electoral Institute IFE Ju District seventh state Oaxaca districts watched tions carefully That Shortly after polls closed Sunday July still believe At exactly P M Sunday July metal District polling station around corner Bernardino Juchit Cheguigo neigh borhood banged The station workers began counting ballots First though black lines every unused ballot sheet Then counted noted number Finally entire group volunteer workers representative three major political parties gathered around table ballot boxes count votes In ballot boxes President found ballots National Action Party PAN candidate Vicente Fox Cuauht C rdenas Party Democratic Revolution PRD Institutional Revolutionary Party PRI candidate Francisco Labastida There votes Party Democratic Center while Democratic Socialists Twenty declared It looked those voters understood complete The votes conservative Vicente Fox Cheguigo neighborhood center leftist Juchit first indication Fox would Mexico President At other polling stations District which encompasses eastern Oaxacan Isthmus Tehuantepec thing happening By M sealed boxes counted ballots begun arrive District IFE office Cinco Mayo Street Juchit The boxes continued night stacking courtyard Three hundred local IFE councils voting district country state councils national IFE board managed every aspect election The agency chose trained workers thousands polling stations The workers chosen random computer selection lists regis tered voters An intensive media paign urged those chosen seriously training session manual devote entire elections If Juchit indicative country general quite seriously At P M IFE President appeared natio television report percent preliminary count completed Fox received about percent Labastida about percent C rdenas percent There PRI could At television cameras Francisco Labastida Perhaps three later before Labastida reached micro phone speak again President Ernesto Zedillo standing podium It final PRI dedazo From finger dedazo refers PRI tradition current President choosing successor Zedillo Labastida conceded Vicente Fox Blinding Aztec Sun On June before elections I stood others about IFE office Juchit center More sunset drops perspiration still temples between shoulder blades A panic began throat Sharp elbows bellies yelling pressed sides The pressure gained force direction The crowd moved toward center plaza I pushed throat forced breathe deeply In moment I faces bellies surrounding happy More happy joyful laughing straining stage On stage bunches sugar stems gladi encircled group prominent Juchit residents The women huipiles traditional velvet tunics isthmus embroidered twisting orange yellow flowers The bright white shirts In front microphone leader COCEI Coalition Work Peasants Students Isthmus bellowed Muera PRI Muera Labastida Death PRI Death Labastida micro phone A speakers rattled crowd shouted agree Muera COCEI social anization turned political party center Juchit politics quarter century Founded coalition controlled government years since consistently since spite violent repression PRI intense internal conflict But night celebrated Cuauht Cardenas PRD COCEI Cars busloads PRDistas isthmus rally The bandannas mostly yellow black PRD Sol Azteca black COCEI Of course single green indicating PRI supporter PAN bandanna sight Even COCEIistas yellow shirts their customary T shirts A couple women stage special Sol Azteca huipiles occasion patchworks stylized black sunbursts yellow background The order speakers followed their importance PRD Almost hours after begun H S nchez L stepped podium A founder COCEI PRD Senator Oaxaca S nchez Bernardino Aquino explained Ju national This tainly national evening June official campaigning July tions PRD Presidential candidate Cuauht C rdenas three major candidates final campaign event hometown Twelve years after Presidency PRI fraud sitting front their television phenomenon Cardenismo still buzzed Isth thousands squeezed Juchit Z Tehuantepec Every uttered after cameras started rolling Spanish This monolingualism unusual That night audience millions Mexicans Juchit where percent population speaks INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS C rdenas twice Vicente Fox Francisco Lab astida They bother because Isthmus cause As campaign rhetoric boomed heavy mosquito thick square throbbed nival atmosphere Noisemakers clacked honked whistled above bobbing heads Vendors pushed their through pressed flesh Women chanting Horchata horchata balanced baskets piled plastic sweet drink their heads At edges Z pushed carts fresh coconuts peeled oranges chile powder fried juice At microphone PRD national president Amalia Garc Medina followed S nchez C rdenas followed Garc The crowd screams louder C rdenas words times He urged group Fox He Organize yourselves after avoid computer failure fraud development Isth boosts public education When C denas stage woman matic thick around squeezed sured He going As evening wound Ra Toledo H S nchez event organizers exuberant This prophecy The night energy changed One month believed Fox would From I could almost would think PRD might capture presidency The zeroed crowd euphoria delusion minutes C rdenas speech cused Trans Isthmus Megaproject The PRD paperLa Jornadawrote Cuauht C rdenas closed toral campaign surprising speech announced support Megaproject Isthmus Tehuantepec emphasizing human factor sovereignty determination During first campaign isthmus Megaproject primary topic C rdenas speeches In October focused project should whether would support To democratic Development Project Isthmus Tehuantepec government title Megaproject first project takes account region people their needs It account perspectives local authorities municipal state level imposed outside forum Megaproject Coatzacoalcos Veracruz In C rdenas June speech Juchit touched Juchit Zaragoza Cuaderno Estatal Municipal Edition Instituto Nacional Estad stica Geograf Inform C rdenas respalda megaproyecto istmo Tehuantepec La Jornada June WLC heart debate about proposed transit corri This strategic country We develop He acknowledge these obligations might clash This balance between resource resource servation importance Vicente Fox presidency He likely former Many latter forgotten The PAN alliance Mexico small Green Ecological Party PVEM heightened concern Unlike other tries Green Parties PVEM criticized Mexi environmentalists strong ronmental platform popular support A month before election newspaper environmental leaders urged C rdenas because With alliance between PAN PVEM tional environmental policy falling unscrupulous opportunist dishonest hands Jorge Gonz Torres leader patriarch sadly ebrated Green Ecological Party Blinding Pain The morning election Yorgelina Cabrera second migraine headache The before started always shifting shapes strange lights edges vision She immediately coming The stress final before elections created white around She slept night When finished around A M hours quiet darkness Sick buzzing conditioners squeaking tension IFE office needed By A M Sunday Yorgelina Her though reddened encircled shadows still Dressed formal velvet huipile skirt sparkling stone earrings hanging outfit indicated portance Normal office attire Yorgelina would shorts huarache sandals sleeveless shirt bandanna neutral orange around A colleague Bernardino Yorgelina civil society repre sentatives Oaxaca District One eight children Yorgelina government owned collective ejido drive Juchit Her father family moved neighborhood built especially railroad workers families Juchit She still lives there though studied cultural engineering Mexico City She loves bustling Juchit heart rural villages ejidos where worked decade The people small communities There trust there She worked rural development projects supported Juchit government church Juchit controls quite agricultural In there almost acres production municipality Seven months named civil society representatives District IFE surprised She eived position accomplishment I woman I think helped She woman council member councilman nameplate entire office I little invisible sometimes I point Hey I The women district councils critical women compose electorate The IFE elections unprec edented Mexico Until presidential elections agency controlled Interior Ministry therefore PRI The national international protest after IFE computer failure WLC forced public accountability This party affiliated civil society representatives IFE played broader before The seven months harder Yorgelina expected The IFE district council members receive formal orientation their eight months Five before ctions Yorgelina Cabrera Manuel IFE council member District Oaxaca talks about decided spend seven months trying ensure elections region Paid advertisement La Jornada June Juchit Zaragoza Cuaderno Estatal Municipal Edition Instituto Nacional Estad stica Geograf Inform That early results showed C rdenas ahead PRI candidate Carlos Salinas IFE quickly announced their computer system crashed When resuscitated later Salinas ahead other candidates INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Yorgelina electoral experience sisted being volunteer worker presi dential governors elections I never inter ested elections smile dismissive With minimal training computer phone lines paltry budget group others across ountry expected Mexico clean elections We never President truly chosen people Yorgelina anger voice before election They chosen internally Presi dents right stain electoral fraud It clever subtle still fraud On Sunday morning Mexicans headed polls elections observers spread across Yorgelina braced herself hours nonstop Bernardino college daughter Luz Iraida volun teered elections observer profit civil association Alianza C She looked forward station monitoring Luz Iraida critical political parties She seemed invested clean election outcome Seeing Light At first polling station Luz Iraida I visited chickens crowded ballot boxes One worker ballot sheets bound stack He correctly pulling showed ballots removed At other ballot boxes polling station worker weaving forth unfocused He attention proceedings around The president station drunk Luz announced indignantly After brief argument workers returned IFE office reported situation father Bernardino later IFE official arrived station inebriated volunteer placed someone IFE workers network phones responded quickly complaints urban areas In rural communities though where there phone service villages hours travel apart problems couldn addressed easily Late afternoon Luz I raida I arrived seventh polling station bilingual Zapotec Spanish school neighborhood Cheguigo One workers Carlos S nchez L PRD candidate nation House Depu brother Senator H S nchez Here voters their preferences their sleeves huipiles T shirts bandannas While Se S nchez handed ballots checked voter identification without incident terpart other table whispered couple times handed ballots S nchez L Two women tered voting booth table together their ballots The plastic curtain labeled The secret flapped behind afternoon breeze Luz approached shirted worker person could enter booth The Carlos S nchez L PRD Federal Deputy candidate several hundred thousand Mexicans chosen computer selection staff polling places July She dressed indicating support COCEI Coalition Workers Peasants Students Isthmus COCEI supported candidates husband right After placing polling station Juchit neighbor Cheguigo Angelina Altamirano S nchez watches argument broke among other voters A disabled known commu COCEI supporter accused other voters being drunk It illegal someone inebriated A national closed alcohol sales before elections If going PRI Altamirano supporter COCEI would saying voting booth After IFE official arrived permitted He answered calmly because sisters In spite minor irregularities minor events reported wspapers story these elections fraud people overcame The PRI bought votes couldn whole election IFE council members Bernardino Yorgelina observers Luz Iraida played shift Mexican electoral politics The evening July conditioners churned futile around activity IFE Large calculators stacks paper electrical cords about young women crammed small The workers tally sheets ballots punched numbers calculators Not computers Bernardino there opportunity hackers In woman telephone sionally calling Mexico City tallies culators These preliminary results phoned because hackers still tamper phone calls right Bernardino At opposite building District IFE council members representative political parties around large U shaped table The crowded local journalists electoral observers others watching official count Of dozen people crowding there women council member Yorgelina Cabrera taker woman passing coffee cookies An IFE worker carried ballots removed tally sheet handed District President The president numbers microphone front voice smooth formal Each other people around table noted results large gridded sheets Each polling stations results three minutes They planned there night afternoon Fans stirred INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS sweat gathered faces Still people drinking coffee The politi party representatives received regular updates national results their phones The IFE council members without phones nothing slide happening across Mexico They counts being District polling stations The station Bernardino house where Fox received votes reflect Mexico fairly typical Isthmus By midnight unprocessed ballot boxes outside official count grown three twelve At officials finally ignored cigarette Four hours later stack doubled Eleven hours after polls closed boxes continued arrive Many District polling stations remote communities several hours nearest usable About miles drive northwest Ju mixed Zapotec Mixe San Juan Yaveo fewer votes July although about registered voters In Yaveo decisions assembly In theory assembly cludes adults commu In practice women stand edges little The municipal leaders assembly every three years affiliated political party According Teodosio Angel Zapotec community organizer nearby Yaveo assembly discuss participation federal elections They decided parties truly represented their interests participate The community leaders claimed threatened IFE representatives allowed polling station village The votes placed primarily outsiders community manager store keeps munity happenings PRI officials nearby nicipal center cattle ranchers Veracruz graze their cattle illegally Yaveo collectively owned Southeast San Juan Yaveo Mixe San tiago Tutla there election consen different results As usually happens months before federal election munici leaders PRI community would votes In exchange boleta completa percent PRI would ceive pesos little U S On July Santiago Tutla residents assembled place their votes receive their payment The PRI officials showed empty handed explaining would receive money later Skeptical claim community members action They cided place their municipal officials Esteban Mart Efra Epitacio Wh Santiago clink assembly decided PAN Without knowing Fox received boleta completa Santiago Tutla aside white PANista washed Mexico reach Isthmus Tehuantepec In Oaxaca districts PRI candidate Labastida polling Only district Oaxaca City state capital majority votes Fox In spite excitement PRD Juchit Z June rural communities District PRI traditional Urban Juchit polling stations whose votes looked those number located street named revolutionary Emiliano Zapata eight votes Labastida votes Fox PRD Still district cludes communities rural Huave village San Dionisio Mar At three polling stations results fourvotes Fox C rdenas Labasti In PRI green COCEI PRD yellow District The results based prelimi count showed Fox percent C rdenas percent Labastida percent District residents represented member PRI House Deputies PRIistas PRD member Senate In United States people their pocketbooks In southern Mexico people their dinner plates Poor rural residents significantly government programs PROGRESA Health Education Nutrition Program A national completed Civic Alliance weeks before elections found percent PROGRESA beneficiaries believe program project PRI federal government With families involved program translates several million voters could reasonably think program would disappear PRI Forward Into Fog In PRI because losing The PRI transformed itself because recent administrations maintain dialogue society because survive nothing nothing popular discontent because people macroeconomic indicators PRI Senator Salvador Rocha D party defeat Though media hailed Vicente Fox killed dinosaur PRI votes percent registered voters Securing percent required years campaigning unheard Mexico The national newsweekly Proceso titled first article about Fox Mil marketing One thousand ninety marketing Mexicans still quite think about PRI Mexico A nights after election anchor traditionally PRI Televisa station ferred opposition government Moments later after commercial break backtracked Earlier referred opposition government which course error The opposition political parties power As media worldwide noted position government likely economic issues Fox positions macroeconomic policies brought force former President Carlos Salinas lives exile Ireland continued Zedillo The PAN always business party The differences tween PAN PRI visible PAN social conservatism corruption campaigning Many questions The future Fox clear Isthmus Tehuantepec Mexico whole With little electoral support region Fox PRI alien region million residents Indigenous istme particularly concerned about Fox relate since electoral support comes central northern areas where there indigenous people During electoral campaign Fox promised repeatedly would solve problem Chiapas fifteen minutes He indicate would Many istme sympa Results July PREP Programa Resultados Electorales Preliminares Reforma June Fox sacar PRI Los Pinos Milenio July Noticias July Fox ballots slightly registered voters participated election La Jornada July Proceso July INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS thize Zapatistas their conflict Mexi government sixth He respect San Andr Accords We Teodosio Angel voice indicated terribly hopeful The Mexican government signed accords which recognize indigenous tonomy guarantee rights Zapatista rebels February It never implemented Zapatista spokesperson Supcomandante Marcos doesn faith Fox campaign promise A before election communiqu press urging against Fox He jokingly signed letter From Promotion Com mittee Voto In liberals motion pragmatic conserva Fox Others hopeful With PRI Chiapas before With Fox there repression communities Chiapas isthmus Carlos Beas Torres director Union Indigenous Communities Northern Zone Isthmus UCIZONI region larger indigenous rights organizations Environmental concerns paramount which includes country argest rainforest highest concentration refineries istme about Fox The Mexican Green Party after campaigning jointly PAN Fox victory suddenly larger national politics In Mexico City urban shortage extremely critical environmental problems PVEM campaigns against private parking pansion coats Paul Sanchez Navarro Coordina Biodiversity Program World Wildlife Fund Mexico throws hands thinking about environmental impact Fox Presidency The Mexican Green Party director SEMARNAP Secretary Environment Natural Resources Fishing What disaster PVEM national presi Jorge Gonz Torres already begun heavy promotion claiming qualified person Not having visited isthmus during campaign Fox speak perhaps biggest litic issue Trans Isthmus Megaproject The Megaproject Jes Gallagos COCEI activist Juchit Gallegos believes exactly Fox national development foreign investment closer United States Back IFE office morning July Bernardino Yorgelina surprised PRI conceded defeat hours before Somehow thought would happen easily I asked thought change Yorgelina shook What change Imagine De claring skirts illegal calling homosexuals witches referring Fox stranger ments during campaign Bernardino little pleased He chose focus Labastida Fox victory As I IFE office little before July official count continued I dered across street purchase newspape The gestured smiling Vicente Fox front handed This strange frowning This Salinas La Jornada June La Jornada July WLC What IS Megaproject anyway There always about Megaproject there discrete There called Megaproject If there I about Celestino Alonso Alvarez Director Planning Committee Development State COPLADE Oaxaca State Government1 The initial proposal Ochoa Associates linked conclusion U S contract Panama Canal That interoceanic route would strengthened route transporting grains fluids because moved ocean other On other short route between Coatzacoalcos Salina Cruz would specialize movement containers between modern ports railroad twork In routes would complementary contribute global merce The isthmus region considered zones after Monterrey Valley Mexico northeastern border region conditions industrial development Fidel Herrera PRI Federal Deputy Senator elect Veracruz2 We already embarking Ochoa proposal I believe firmly Megaproject The highway railroad transport routes being maintained We devel oping infrastructure ports promoting industrial development corridor Enrique Murga Director Port Authority API Salina Cruz Oaxaca3 We anything Certainly Megaproject support country sovereignty We natural resources indiscriminately We people proprietors their natural resources become laborers their communities We program create paying create entrepreneurial culture among istme We workers businessmen H S nchez L PRD Senator Oaxaca4 It fantastic project international capital My analysis Zedillo government distanced itself Megaproject which makes happy Getting Megaproject going requires exceptional conditions The world country The Zapatista uprising response hunger because development projects starting there which local population In sense uprising warning about these kinds projects Ana Esther Cece Professor Economics National Autonomous University Mexico UNAM Editor Chiapas journal Mexico City5 I nterview author May Speech given forum The Isthmus Future Mexico World Coatzacoalcos Veracruz October Interview author October Speech given forum The Isthmus Future Mexico World Coatzacoalcos Veracruz October Interview author October INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS The Huave against progress government thinking Megaproject Project X community account Facundo Mart Vargas Mi Kual Xa Kambaj Huave Cultural Group San Francisco Mar Oaxaca6 The Isthmus Megaproject publicized official unofficial statements regional meetings visits politicians raised voices opinions The concert dissonant including everything shrill because generate employment business opportunities harsh because people there threaten national sovereignty There practically tempered voices trying determine about Given between construction being considered Isthmus Tehuantepec region current social environmental conditions cover themselves saying create Both sides think carefully build bridges thoughtfully sensibly Nemesio Rodriguez Anthropologist National Indigenous Institute federal government agency Oaxaca7 O Oaxaca August I learned Mexican government build transit corridor intended complement overburdened Panama Canal across southern Mexico Isthmus Tehuantepec I spent national forum gathering people concerned about Trans Isthmus Megaproject At meeting concerns growing corporate dominance world fears about ecological crises fascination U S Mexico relationship twisted together I story would I wanted people developed those would affected I wanted understand motivated people driving inspired local residents oppose Both sides faced daunting least which sides ability communicate other With Panama Canal overburdened recently returned Panamanian control international merce seeks alternate transit route between oceans The Isthmus Tehuantepec emerged ising location transit corridor Perhaps important there myriad natural resources exploit isthmus An efficient transit corridor prerequisite extraction The Mexican government proposes bridge rebuilding antiquated railroad bisects turning private operation The includes several super highways cutting north south through region development Gulf Mexico Coatzacoalcos Pacific Salina Cruz This beginning There projects explains Felipe Ochoa Ochoa Associates consultants authored government Trans Isthmus Project We looking projects trigger development The forestry agribusiness petrochemical industries examples His proposal written still I comprehensive document about includes petrochemical facilities dozen shrimp farms refineries industrial parks maquiladoras acres eucalyptus plantations The Isthmus Tehuantepec critically important Mexico national economy More percent Mexico petroleum country largest official8 source revenue nearly percent petro Statement Second Meeting Social Environmental Impacts Development Southern Mexico Oaxaca City Oaxaca May Rodriguez Nemesio Isthmus Tehuantepec Regional Globalizaci unpublished paper February Unofficially petroleum probably third after trade remittances Mexicans working abroad WLC chemicals processed Oil wells pepper farmland throughout isthmus In spite wealth sometimes because nearly communities isthmus Mexican government calls state marginalization A community receives designation population illiterate homes electricity running water While economically isthmus natural human resources The diverse ecosystems primary reason Mexico biodiverse countries world Proposals install ansit corridor Atlantic Pacific across Isthmus Tehuantepec stretch nearly European conquest Hern Cort first propose project A article The Hispanic American Historical Review notes The search water route through American continent begun Columbus continued years explorers Spain Balboa discovery South Sea Magellan voyage East Indies merely intensified quest By explorations directed Hern Cort New Spain established strait exist there search without reward At Isthmus Tehuantepec Cort found convenient overland passage which become strategically impor Spanish expansion Pacific Across narrow transported riggings stores ships which discovered temporarily colonized Lower California which pioneered course Acapulco Orient which established Spanish control Phil ippines Moreover middle sixteenth century beginning twentieth inter oceanic canals fired imagination visionaries gineers Tehuan tepec route passages Panama Nicara favored Even today Panama Canal comes increasingly inadequate accom modate interoceanic shipping which first opened Cort still focus attention Even today century later Morehead Max L H Cort Tehuantepec Passage The Hispanic American Historical Review August INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS Fellows their Activitites EUROPE RUSSIA Gregory Feifer Russia With fluent Russian Master Harvard Gregory worked Moscow political editor Agence France Presse weekly Russia Journal Greg Russia latest failures economic political reform continuation failed attempts Westernization began Peter Great failures succes behind scenes elites Russia behind mythic facade strong rulers centuries He plans assess continuation these cultural underpinnings Russian governance Gorbachev Yeltsin succession Whitney Mason Turkey A freelance print television journalist Whit began career founding newspaper called The Siberian Review Novosibirsk worked editor Vladivostok News wrote Asiaweek magazine Hong Kong In switched radio video journalism working Bosnia Korea CBS As ICWA Fellow studying writing about Turkey nexus between East West between traditional secular Islam Jean Beno Nadeau France A French Canadian journalist playwright Jean Beno studied drama N ational Theater School Montreal received B A McGill University Political Science History The holder several Canadian magazine investigative journalism awards spending ICWA fellowship years France studying resistance French trend economic cultural globalization SOUTH ASIA Shelly Renae Browning Australia A surgeon specializing hearing Dr Browning studying approaches traditional healers among Aborigines Australia indigenous peoples Vanuatu hearing problems She B S Chemistry University South studied physician patient relationships China Australia Thomas J Watson Fellowship M D Emory University Atlanta Before ICWA fellowship Fellow Skull Base Surgery Montreal McGill University Department Otolaryngology THE AMERICAS Wendy Call Mexico A Healthy Societies Fellow Wendy spending years Mexico Isthmus Tehuantepec immersed contradictory trends attempt industrialize develop along proposed Caribbean Pacific container railway desire indigenous peoples preserve their Mexico remaining growth forests With B A Biology Oberlin Wendy worked communications coordinator Grassroots International national campaign director Infact corporate accountability organization Peter Keller Chile Public affairs officer Redwood National Park planner Yosemite National Park before fellowship Peter holds B S Recreation Resource Management University Montana Masters Environ mental Law Vermont Law School As John Miller Musser Memorial Forest Society Fellow spending years Chile Argentina comparing operations parks forest reserves controlled Chilean Argentine governments those contro private persons governmental organizations Susan Sterner Brazil A staff photographer Associated Press Los Angeles Susan received B A International Studies Cultural Anthropology Emory University Master Latin American Studies Vanderbilt AP ranging assignments Haiti Mexico along U S Mexican border Her fellowship topic lives status Brazilian women Tyrone Turner Brazil A photojournalist Black Star whose appeared U S newspapers magazines Tyrone holds Master degree Government Latin American politics Georgetown University produced photo essays youth violence New Orleans genocide Rwanda mining Indonesia As Institute Fellow photographing writing about Brazilian youth S Paulo industrial South Recife Salvador Northeast INSTITUTE OF CURRENT WORLD AFFAIRS ICWA Letters ISSN publish Institute Current World Affairs Inc exempt operating foundation incorporated New York State offices located West Wheelock Street Hanover NH 03755 The letters provided charge members ICWA available libraries professional researchers subscription Phone E Mail ICWA valley Fax Web Site Executive Director Peter Bird Martin Program Assistant Brent Jacobson Publications Manager Ellen Kozak Institute Current World Affairs The Crane Rogers Foundation The information contained publication reproduced without writer permission WLC Author Call Wendy Title ICWA Letters The Americas ISSN Imprint Institute Current World Affairs Hanover NH Material Type Serial Language English Frequency Monthly Other Regions East Asia South Asia Mideast North Africa Europe Russia Sub Saharan Africa Institute Fellows chosen basis character previous experience promise They young professionals funded spend minimum years carrying designed programs study writing outside United States The Fellows required report their findings experiences field month They write subject formally informally The result unique reporting analysis periodic assessment international events issues Institute Current World Affairs THE CRANE ROGERS FOUNDATION Four West Wheelock Street Hanover New Hampshire 03755 USA